Sialoceles are infrequently reported in cats compared to dogs. 1 Sialoceles are subcutaneous, sublingual, or pharyngeal accumulations of saliva that is extravasated through a salivary gland/duct defect. Paraoral extravasation of saliva from the defect results in a sublingual sialocele or ranula, which is reported to be the most common location for sialocele formation in cats. 2 Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and needle aspiration results that reveal a thick, golden or blood-tinged, mucoid fluid with low cellularity. The recommended treatment of choice for sublingual sialocele includes resection of the ipsilateral mandibular and sublingual salivary gland/duct complexes. Marsupialization of the sialocele is also recommended. 2 The lateral cervical approach has been recommended for mandibular and sublingual sialadenectomy. 2-4 A ventral approach for mandibular and sublingual sialadenectomy has also been described in dogs. [5][6][7] The ventral approach has been recently described in a feline cadaver but not in clinical patients, 5 and is described here in a cat with a sublingual sialocele step-by-step. Figure 1Photograph showing a left-sided sublingual, fluctuant swelling in a 5-year-old DSH cat indicative of sublingual sialocele. Figure 2Photograph showing a feline patient with sublingual sialocele placed in dorsal recumbency for mandibular and sublingual sialadenectomy using the ventral approach (A). The incision is located on the ipsilateral side of the sialocele extending form 3-cm caudal to the ramus of the mandible to the caudal symphyseal area (B).
Objectives (1) To estimate the prevalence of delayed union, non‐union and mal‐union in canine fractures; (2) to describe fracture, demographic, and treatment characteristics for these outcomes; (3) to identify risk factors for delayed or non‐union. Study design Retrospective study. Sample population Four hundred and forty two dogs (461 fractures). Methods A review was conducted of clinical records and radiographs from 2 teaching hospitals. “Union,” “delayed union,” “non‐union” and “mal‐union” were defined, and fracture, demographic, treatment, and outcome variables described. Differences in proportions or medians between “union,” “delayed union” and “non‐union” were tested using χ2 and Mann‐Whitney U‐tests for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Potential explanatory variables for “delayed or non‐union” were tested using logistic regression to identify risk factors. Results Median radiographic follow up was 53 days (14‐282). Delayed union occurred in 13.9% of fractures (64/461), non‐union in 4.6% (21/461), and mal‐union in 0.7% (3/461). Risk factors for delayed or non‐union were age (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12‐1.31); comminuted fracture (OR 4.24, 95% CI 2.4‐7.5); treatment with bone graft (all types) (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.3‐8.5); surgical site infection (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.17‐8.97), and major implant failure (OR 12.94, 95% CI 5.06‐33.1). Conclusion Older dogs, dogs with comminuted fractures, surgical site infection, or major implant failure were at increased odds of delayed or non‐union. Radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs were not at increased odds of delayed or non‐union. Clinical significance The identified risk factors should inform fracture planning and prognosticating. The prognosis for radial fractures in toy breeds appears better than historically believed.
Objectives To describe the clinical findings, management and outcome of colonic impaction in dogs and report the effectiveness of medical treatment. Materials and Methods Case records of 58 dogs with colonic impaction were reviewed. Telephone contact with the owners was used to obtain long‐term outcome. Results Twenty‐nine dogs (50%) were mixed‐breed, and 45 (78%) were entire males. Median age at presentation was 7 years, and median bodyweight was 22 kg. The degree of radiographic colonic distension did not appear to be related to long‐term outcome. Fifty‐five dogs (95%) received medical treatment including enemas alone, hyperosmotic and/or bulk‐forming and/or lubricant laxatives, enemas combined with laxatives or enemas and/or laxatives combined with manual evacuation of faecal material under anaesthesia. Median survival time of the 58 dogs was 2 years. Overall, 36 of 41 dogs with available long‐term follow‐up had a favourable outcome. Clinical Significance Medical treatment of colonic impaction in dogs with a single agent or a combination of agents has a high success rate. Marked colonic dilation is not necessarily indicative of megacolon in dogs.
The creation of leakage holes in the intestinal wall by four types of swaged-on needles used to close enterotomy incisions in canine cadavers was studied. Twenty-four enterotomies were performed in 10 cm jejunal sections obtained from five dogs following euthanasia. After placement of Doyen intestinal forceps to the ends of each section, a 3 cm antimesenteric incision was performed and closed using 4-0 polydioxanone suture armed in a swaged-on needle in a simple interrupted pattern. One group served as control, with no enterotomies performed. The four groups that we used consisted of six sections each: group CC was closed with a polydioxanone suture armed in a conventional cutting needle, group RC was closed with a reversed cutting needle, group TPP was closed with a taper point plus needle, and group TC was closed with a taper cutting needle. Leak testing was performed by infusion of 13.5 mL methylene blue solution into the intestinal lumen. Significant differences between leakage and non-leakage sections of group CC were detected (P=.027). No statistical differences were detected among other groups. Conventional cutting needles seem to create leaking holes in cadaveric healthy jejunum during needle passage for closing an enterotomy incision.
Selection of appropriate suture material is important for successful healing; it is based principally on the propertiesof suture, the type of the tissue to be sutured and the condition of the wound. The mechanical and biological propertiesof a suture and the suture’s size should correlate well to type and properties of the tissue to be sutured. Strategy of sutureselection for specific tissues is discussed. Presence of sutures in a wound can increase the rate of infection of the wound. Theseverity of the infection is related to the suture’s properties when the wound is clean. Closure of infected wounds should beavoided. Stapling is an alternative method for wound closure and offers a significant reduction in the operative time. Varioustypes of staplers are available, depending on type of the tissue and the surgical procedure. Skin staples are widely usedin the skin and other tissues. The use of vascular clips is an alternative way to ligate blood vessels. Tissue adhesives arematerials that can also be used in closure of specific types of wounds. Surgical mesh is useful for closure of large defects.
ABSTRACT. Sutures are necessary for wound healing in surgery and for ligation of vessels. Many of sutures currently available are classified according to their characteristics, such as the tensile strength, the elasticity, the plasticity, the pliability, the knot security, the memory, the capillarity, the tissue drag and the tissue reactivity. Regarding the rate of reduction of tensile strength, sutures are widely classified as absorbable, used in tissue closure that do not require long-term support, and non-absorbable, used whenever prolonged mechanical support is required. Sutures are also classified as natural or synthetic, as well as monofilament or multifilament depending on origin or structure, respectively. Sutures are available in different sizes. As suture's size increases, increase in the tensile strength also occurs. Absorbable sutures described in this review include catgut, polydioxanone, polyglyconate, glycomer 631, polyglycolic acid, polyglactin 910, poliglecaprone 25, polyglytone 6211 and lactomer 9-1. Non-absorbable sutures described in this review include surgical silk, cotton, nylon, polymerised caprolactam, polyester fibers, polybutester, polypropylene and stainless steel. Usually, sutures are attached to surgical needles creating a continuous unit. Needles are classified based on their shape, length, way of suture attachment and cross-section of body and point. The latter property divides needles into blunt, taper and cutting; the selection of the appropriate type is based on the tissue that has to be sutured. Sutures in modern veterinary surgery are usually available in disposable sterilized packages. Keywords 302TzIMTzIMIS E., PAPAzOGLOU L. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗΟ ι βασικοί σκοποί των υλικών σύγκλεισης των τραυμάτων είναι η απολίνωση των αγγείων και η διατήρηση σε στενή επαφή των χειλέων του τραύ-ματος, ώστε να επιτευχθεί επούλωση κατά πρώτο σκοπό. Στα υλικά σύγκλεισης των τραυμάτων περιλαμ-βάνονται τα ράμματα, τα συρραπτικά, οι συνδετήρες αγγείων, οι συγκολλητικές ταινίες, οι συγκολλητικές ουσίες και τα πλέγματα.Τα ράμματα πρέπει να είναι αρκετά ανθεκτικά και να διατηρούν την αντοχή τους στους ιστούς για χρονι-κό διάστημα τόσο ώστε η επούλωση να αποτρέπει τη διάσπαση του τραύματος χωρίς μηχανική υποστήριξη. Η αντοχή που απαιτείται και ο χρόνος της επούλωσης ποικίλλουν ανάλογα με το είδος του ιστού και την τάση στα χείλη του τραύματος. Ο χρόνος της επούλωσης μπορεί να αυξηθεί λόγω φλεγμονής, κακής διατροφής, παχυσαρκίας, νεοπλασίας, χορήγησης φαρμακευτι-κών ουσιών (π.χ., αντιφλεγμονωδών), συστηματικών νοσημάτων (π.χ., σακχαρώδης διαβήτης), μηχανικών παραγόντων και διαταραχών του κολλαγόνου.Το ιδανικό ράμμα πρέπει να μπορεί να χρησιμο-ποιηθεί σε τραύματα καθαρά ή μολυσμένα, να έχει επαρκή αντοχή στην τάση με τη μικρότερη δυνατή διάμετρο, να διατηρεί σταθερούς κόμπους, να μην συρρικνώνεται στους ιστούς και να είναι εύκολο στο χειρισμό του. Επιπλέον, πρέπει να αντιδρά ελάχιστα με τους ιστούς, να μην είναι τοξικό, αλλεργιογόνο, καρκινογόνο, σιδηρομαγνητικό και να μην υφίσταται ηλεκτρολυτική διάσταση στους ...
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