Aims and Objectives: This paper investigates the word order and adjectival agreement patterns in French-Dutch codeswitched Determiner Phrases (DPs). It examines the predictions made by two theoretical points of view: the approach by MacSwan (2009) within the Minimalist Program (MP) and the Matrix Language Framework (MLF) (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2009).Methodology: The predictions of these frameworks are compared to data gathered in a grammaticality judgment task. In total, 120 codeswitched sentences were presented aurally to participants, who were asked to rate the sentences on a three-point scale. Originality: While some previous work on word order within codeswitched DP's exists, this paper is the first study investigating the adjectival agreement patterns in codeswitching. Data and Analysis: Statistical analysis of the data showed that the MacSwan approach is a better predictor for the grammaticality judgments, as sentences predicted to be grammatical by the MP were rated higher than sentences predicted to be ungrammatical by the same model. This difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in rating for the predictions of the MLF. Conclusions:The results of the judgment task in combination with the results of previous research on codeswitching highlight the importance of a combination of data from both naturalistic and experimental settings. Implications: The predictions of the Minimalist approach have the upper hand over the predictions of the MLF. However, it remains is important to integrate results from other experimental methodologies, such as naturalistic data and results from psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic studies.
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Grammatical gender has been thoroughly investigated in codeswitching (CS) research. When (only) one of the languages involved in CS has grammatical gender, it has repeatedly been shown that (simultaneous) bilinguals assign default gender to a codeswitched noun from a genderless language (Liceras et al. 2008; Valdés Kroff et al. 2017; Parafita Couto 2019). For Spanish, “[t]here is little doubt that masculine is the unmarked or default gender” (Harris, 1991, 43). When looking at Belgian Dutch however, the picture is a bit more complicated, as it is not clear which determiner is unmarked for gender. Rooryck (2003) argues that the neuter gender is the under-specified category, while the masculine and feminine are marked for gender. This would predict that English nouns would be preceded by a neuter determiner when incorporated in a Belgian Dutch sentence. However, it seems to be the case that masculine, rather than neuter, is the preferred determiner for English codeswitches into Dutch. This paper reports on an acceptability judgment task in which simultaneous bilinguals were asked to rate (Belgian) Dutch sentences containing an English noun on a 7 point scale. Results surprisingly show a preference for feminine gender, in addition to neuter being dispreferred. I speculate that this unexpected result is due to influence from Standard Dutch.
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