Some opportunistic vertebrates exploit, and may largely rely upon, food generated by human activities. Better understanding the influence of this additional anthropogenic food on species' ecology would inform sustainable waste management. In the Balearic Archipelago of Spain, closure of an open‐air landfill site provided an experimental setting to measure the effect of removing anthropogenic food on the average body mass, breeding parameters and body condition of opportunistic Yellow‐legged Gulls Larus michahellis. After landfill closure there was a significant decline in the average body mass of breeding females and males (−10.4 and −7.8%, respectively), in average egg volume (−4.8%), and a shift in the modal clutch size from three to two eggs. Body condition decreased after landfill closure in both sexes. In breeding females, the drop in body weight was greater for birds with a low body size index. The differential response to a reduction of anthropogenic food between small and large birds suggests that food of anthropogenic origin contributes to tempering the effects of natural selection, making the long‐term demographic effects of changes in food supply difficult to predict.

Having a central scientific language remains crucial for advancing and globally sharing science. Nevertheless, maintaining one dominant language also creates barriers to accessing scientific careers and knowledge. From an interdisciplinary perspective, we describe how, when, and why to make scientific literature more readily available in multiple languages through the practice of translation. We broadly review the advantages and limitations of neural machine translation systems and propose that translation can serve as both a short- and a long-term solution for making science more resilient, accessible, globally representative, and impactful beyond the academy. We outline actions that individuals and institutions can take to support multilingual science and scientists, including structural changes that encourage and value translating scientific literature. In the long term, improvements to machine translation technologies and collective efforts to change academic norms can transform a monolingual scientific hub into a multilingual scientific network. Translations are available in the supplemental material.

Having a central scientific language remains crucial for the advancement and global sharing of science. Nevertheless, maintaining one dominant language also creates barriers to accessing scientific careers and knowledge. From an interdisciplinary perspective, we describe how, when, and why to more readily make scientific literature available in multiple languages through the practice of translation. We broadly review the advantages and limitations of neural machine translation systems and propose that translation can serve as both a short- and long-term solution for making science more resilient, accessible, globally representative, and impactful beyond the academy. We outline immediate actions that individuals and institutions can take to support multilingual science and scientists, including structural changes that encourage and place additional value on translating scientific literature. In the long term, improvements to machine translation technologies and collective efforts to change academic norms can transform a monolingual scientific hub into a more distributed, multilingual scientific network.

Amphibians are a clade of over 8,400 species that provide unique research opportunities and challenges. With amphibians undergoing severe global declines, taking stock of our current understanding of amphibians is imperative. Focusing on 2016–2020, we assessed trends in amphibian publishing, conservation research, systematics, and community resources. We show that while research and data availability are increasing rapidly, information is not evenly distributed across research fields, clades, or geographic regions, leading to substantial knowledge gaps. A complete review of amphibian NCBI resources indicates that genomic data are poised for rapid expansion, but amphibian genomes pose significant challenges. A review of recent conservation literature and cataloged threats on 1,261 species highlight the need to address land use change and disease using adaptive management strategies. We underscore the importance of database integration for advancing amphibian research and conservation and suggest other understudied or imperiled clades would benefit from similar assessments.

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

We extend by 300 m the known upper elevational range of the Marsupial frog, Gastrotheca marsupiata (Dumeril & Bibron, 1841), to 4,660 m a.s.l. This record makes G. marsupiata the highest occurring frog in its genus, which is already characterized by high-elevation distributions. We suggest that this record may represent a case of climate-induced range shifting and discuss this record in the context of our still limited understanding of how amphibian distributions are being affected by climate change.

Many countries have responded to the current global biodiversity crisis by committing to protect 30% of the Earth by 2030, a goal known as “30 x 30”. However, an excessive emphasis on megafauna to the exclusion of other species weakens our current protected area (PA) network. This limited perspective overvalues large, connected PAs, while disregarding the potential impacts of small PAs in preserving biodiversity. Using public databases of 31,828 terrestrial vertebrate species we demonstrate that range sizes for the most vulnerable class of vertebrates, the amphibians, are smaller than those of reptiles, birds, and mammals and suggest that small PAs are overlooked as conservation tools for this group. We found that, though each of many endangered amphibians could have their entire distribution protected by a single microreserve (< 10 km2), the current PA network fails at adequately protecting most threatened amphibian species. Furthermore, we show that many current microreserves have amphibian species richnesses rivaling those of the largest PAs (10,000–100,00 km2), and that PA networks accumulate new amphibian species more rapidly through the addition of smaller rather than larger PAs. Unfortunately, the global rate of new PA establishment has slowed since 2010, so we illustrate global regions where the addition of microreserves could be most beneficial to amphibian conservation. We conclude that incorporating the needs of overlooked taxa into PA design will require us to complement networks of large, connected PAs with many strategically-placed, biodiversity-motivated microreserves.

Climate change impacts emerging infectious disease events through multiple mechanisms, but the influence it exerts through driving host range shifts has been little explored. For instance, range shifts may affect pathogen transmission by altering the connectivity of host populations. Additionally, range expanding hosts and pathogens will have different physiological responses to the suites of novel, challenging conditions they are exposed to, influencing infection outcomes. We studied the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on three anuran amphibians in the Cordillera Vilcanota, Peru: Pleurodema marmoratum, Telmatobius marmoratus, and Rhinella spinulosa. There, these species have undergone a climate-driven range expansion into recently deglaciated habitat to become both the highest elevation amphibians and the highest elevation cases of Bd infection globally. We analyzed Bd genetics, infection metrics, and sublethal impacts along the colonization front (3,900—5,400 m asl) to explore how elevational range expansion affected host-pathogen dynamics. Amphibian range shifts have enabled new connectivity across the once continuously glaciated Cordillera Vilcanota, but genetic evidence suggests that Bd disperses so frequently and extensively that this novel connectivity has not contributed significantly to overall Bd dispersal. Although amphibians have not escaped Bd infection outright through upslope expansion in the Cordillera Vilcanota, Bd growth does appear to be constrained at the highest reaches of the Vilcanota. We present evidence that Bd infection has different sublethal costs for amphibians at the new elevations they have colonized, but whether the costs are mitigated or exacerbated by extreme elevation may be moderated by amphibian microhabitat use.