A simple HPLC method is presented to quantify the low concentration of hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (PYD) cross-links in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) muscle. The method involved the extraction of tissue with NaOH prior to hydrolysis, which greatly reduced the amount of protein to be hydrolyzed and made downstream operations easier and more reproducible. The concentration of PYD was 426 pmol g(-)(1) dry mass muscle in post-rigor muscle stored at 0 degrees C and sampled 3 d after death. Hydroxproline (HYP) concentration was determined following NaOH extraction as a measure of collagen content. In post-rigor samples, the alkaline-insoluble HYP fraction comprised 18.3% of the total HYP. Scanning electron microscopy revealed shrinkage of muscle fibers and a retraction of the connective tissue matrix in smoked salmon. PYD concentration was relatively resistant to processing to the smoked product, decreasing by around 11.7%, as compared to a 22.2% decrease in HYP. There was a positive correlation between PYD concentration and the firmness of post-rigor muscle samples as measured by an instrumental texture analyzer, explaining 25% of the total variation. A weaker but still significant correlation was found between PYD concentration and firmness in the smoked product. There was no relationship between fillet firmness and total collagen concentration, although the correlation with HYP in the alkaline-insoluble fraction was significant at the 6% level (P = 0.057). Our results indicate that only 1-3% of collagen molecules are linked by nonreducible mature cross-links in harvest size farmed Atlantic salmon and that PYD concentration is an important raw material characteristic for flesh quality.
In Part II, the Author considers the synergies between law (particularly international law), literature, and feminism. In Part III, the Author examines the play and outline the binary oppositions that pervade Aristophanes's text: war/peace, public/private, and masculine/ feminine. The Author then considers the binary oppositions in more detail, by investigating how they are reflected in the position of women in contemporary violent conflicts. Using a single example to explore each opposition, the Author looks at violence against women, women's political participation, and social and economic rights to suggest the unreality of the oppositions for women. In so doing, she seeks to demonstrate how the hierarchical nature of these binary oppositions has served to confine women's experience to the less valued part of the opposition, although she recognizes that in some areas the oppositions are being destabilized, as in the play. By way of conclusion, in Part IV the Author maps the direction in which change needs to continue to enable international law fully to account for the experiences of women.
The duty of good faith is well established in international law. While parties frequently invoke this duty, its scope and effect in international disputes remain unclear.
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