The term "microaggression" has experienced a lively existence in the field of psychology since its introduction in 1970s. Sociology has recently come to study microaggressions, yet serious gaps remain in the study of microaggressions. In particular, sociological analysis has not taken into account how exposure to microaggressive interactions may affect racial attitudes, how variations in microaggressive interactions have different effects, and what racial and gender positions render one more or less likely to engage in, or fail to oppose, microaggressions. Based on a GSS-based survey and an experimental vignette design, we address the following two questions: First, how might the presence of racial microaggressions affect racial attitudes? Second, what is the power of specific types of interactional microaggression? Results indicate that both exposure to microaggressions and the type of microaggressions are correlated with changes in specific racial attitudes associated with the marginalization, problematization, and symbolic and physical repression of people of color.
Treatment wetlands utilize various physical and biological processes to reduce levels of organic contaminants, metals, bacteria, and suspended solids. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one type of contaminant that can enter treatment wetlands and impact the overall treatment efficacy. Grazing by filter-feeding zooplankton, such as Daphnia magna, is critical to treatment wetland functioning; but the effects of AgNPs on zooplankton are not fully understood, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. We characterized the bioaccumulation kinetics of dissolved and nanoparticulate (citrate-coated) 109 Ag in D. magna exposed to environmentally relevant 109 Ag concentrations (i.e., 0.2-23 nmol L −1 Ag) using a stable isotope as a tracer of Ag. Both aqueous and nanoparticulate forms of 109 Ag were bioavailable to D. magna after exposure. Water chemistry affected 109 Ag influx from 109 AgNP but not from 109 AgNO 3 . Silver retention was greater for citrate-coated 109 AgNP than dissolved 109 Ag, indicating a greater potential for bioaccumulation from nanoparticulate Ag. Feeding inhibition was observed at higher dietary 109 Ag concentrations, which could lead to reduced treatment wetland performance. Our results illustrate the importance of using environmentally relevant concentrations and media compositions when predicting Ag bioaccumulation and provide insight into potential effects on filter feeders critical to the function of treatment wetlands.
Secret and elite organizations, in the form of Greek‐letter organizations, mutual aid societies, and civic orders, together possess a storied and often romanticized place in popular culture. While much has been made of these groups' glamorous origins and influence – such as the Freemasons' genesis in King Solomon's temple or the belief in the Illuminati's control of modern geopolitics – there has been little research on the role of race and ethnicity in organizing and perpetuating these cloistered orders. These orders are both a cause and consequence of colonization, segregation, and subjugation, and their varied roles function as catalysts and impediments to developing personal excellence, creating fictive kinship ties, and fostering racial uplift, nationalism, and social cohesion.
The civil rights movement, considered to have lasted from the mid‐1950s through the early 1970s, used a variety of political strategies to fight against racist injustices and infringements of rights faced by people of color (especially African Americans) in the United States. Each strategic approach was derived from a particular anti‐racist ideology, and thus attracted specific constituencies of activists. The differences between each subgroup of the movement engendered unique social norms, challenges, and support systems based on gender, race, class, sexual orientation, and religion.
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