Although Campylobacter survives within amoeba in-vitro, it is unknown if intra-amoeba Campylobacter jejuni can colonize broilers. Five groups of 28 day-of-hatch chicks were placed into separate isolators. Groups (1) and (2) were challenged with page's amoeba saline (PAS), and disinfected planktonic C. jejuni NCTC 11168, respectively. Groups (3), (4) and (5) were challenged with a C. jejuni positive control, C. jejuni in PAS, and intra-amoeba C. jejuni, respectively. After 1, 3, 7 and 14 days post challenge, seven birds from each unit were examined for C. jejuni colonization. For the first time we report that intra-amoeba C. jejuni colonized broilers.
Interferon (IFN) therapy has an important role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and chronic hepatitis C infection. A few case reports have described an association between IFN therapy and the development of irreversible pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and it is currently listed as a possible drug-induced cause of PAH in the most recent classification of pulmonary hypertension. A causal link between IFN use and PAH remains to be elucidated; many reports of PAH resulting from IFN occur in individuals with some other risk factor for PAH. The authors present a case involving a patient with multiple sclerosis with no known risk factors for PAH, who developed severe PAH after exposure to IFN therapy. The patient experienced significant clinical and hemodynamic improvement, with normalization of her pulmonary pressures after the initiation of combination therapy for PAH. At 28 months after diagnosis, she remains asymptomatic with no hemodynamic evidence of PAH and has been off all PAH therapy for 10 months.
Introduction: There is a growing body of research that addresses caregivers for people living with dementia. However, there is limited research looking at the perceptions of caregivers in specific daily tasks. To address this gap, this study investigated the assistance caregivers provided and the difficulty they faced when completing daily tasks for people with dementia and, additionally, how these experiences might relate to their perceived burden. Methods: Sixty-two caregivers for people living with dementia completed the study.Data were collected, through a survey, on the level of assistance caregivers provided, and the difficulties they experienced. The Zarit Burden Scale was used to measure the level of perceived burden. Descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to report the results and the relationship between the perceived burden, the level of assistance provided, and the difficulty experienced. Results: The activities of daily living that caregivers provided the most assistance for was dressing and showering. Most instrumental activities of daily living required maximal to total assistance. Overall, the caregivers did not experience a high level of difficulty with assisting with these daily tasks in comparison to the level of assistance provided. The caregiver burden was associated significantly with the difficulties experienced in dressing, toileting, and showering (rho = 0.30-0.75), most instrumental activities of daily living (rho = 0.29-0.47), but not with the level of assistance provided. Conclusion: Caregivers are assisting in many daily tasks. Their level of difficulty is relatively low in comparison to the level of assistance they provide. Significant correlations were found between the difficulties experienced and the burden scale.There is a need for occupational therapists to address the specific daily tasks and the concerns experienced by caregivers and to provide them with adequate support to improve the quality of care for people with dementia.
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