Summary Biomass energy sources consist of materials such as wood obtained from forests, wastes from agriculture and forestry processes, and industrial, human, and animal wastes. Biogas energy is generated as a result of the anaerobic decomposition of biomass. The analysis of biogas energy potential from animal waste plays a significant role in developing countries, which involves Turkey. Therefore, the work executed in this article presents a case study for such regions. A comprehensive analysis for the production potential of biogas from the wastes of breed animals in TR83 region in Turkey, which includes the provinces of Amasya, Çorum, Samsun and Tokat is presented in this study. The number of animals and their total waste generation were determined. Then the biogas potential, along with the electricity production and the reduction of CO2 emissions, were calculated accordingly. In addition, the amount of biogas that can be produced in the TR83 region has been determined to be 151.8 M m3 per year from cattle, 6.3 M m3 per year from small cattle, and 12.9 M m3 per year from poultry. As a result, the optimal location for biogas plants based on supply chains were determined. Accordingly, the electricity potential that can be generated for the TR83 region has been determined as 49.25 MW. In addition, it has been found that approximately 19 times more carbon emissions will occur if electricity is obtained from natural gas, and approximately 34 times more emissions will be given off if it is obtained from imported coal. Ultimately, the resulting facility placement points were found to be Suluova, Çorum, Sungurlu, Bafra, Çarşamba, Vezirköprü, Erbaa, Tokat and Zile.
Automatic analysis of cell numbers and types from blood smear images is essential for diagnosing and treating many diseases. Peripheral smear has been used for many years and is a gold standard method. However, the overlap in cells during the peripheral smear process may cause incorrectly predicted results in counting blood cells and classifying cell types. This problem can occur both in automated systems and in manual inspections by experts. Convolutional neural networks provide reliable results for segmentation and classification problems in the medical field. However, creating ground truth labels in the data during the segmentation process is a time-consuming and error-prone process. This study proposes a new CNN-based strategy to eliminate the overlap-induced counting problem in peripheral smear blood samples and to determine the blood cell type with high accuracy. In the proposed method, images of the entire slide were divided into sub-images, block by block, using adaptive image processing techniques to identify the overlapping cells and cell types. CNN was used to classify the number of cells separated from the original images into sub-images by blocks. The proposed method both counts overlapping red blood cells and distinguishes RBC-WBC with an accuracy rate of 99.73%. The results show that the proposed method can be adapted to areas where high-resolution images are found and reliable results.
In this study, polyacrylamide/alginate (PAAm/Alg) based hydrogels have been synthesized and investigated. The four different hydrogels produced contained different concentrations of single-or double-network polymer: 15 wt.% single-network (SN-15), 30 wt.% single-network (SN-30), 15 wt.% double-network (DN-15), and 30 wt.% double-network (DN-30). The tribological performance of these synthesized hydrogels was investigated by using a custom pin-on-disc tribometer in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), where samples were reciprocated against a CoCrMo femoral head under an applied load of 5 or 10 N, at an average sliding speed of 20 mms -1 , and body temperature (37±1 °C). The compressive tangent modulus was also determined by compressing samples at a strain rate of 1 min -1 , while submerged in PBS, at both ambient and body temperatures. The results showed that a higher polymer concentration or a double-network type of structure led to improved friction (lower friction co-efficient) and wear (lower wear track area) properties. Samples also performed better when a lower applied load used. Sample DN-30 exhibited the highest compressive modulus. These outcomes have contributed to the understanding of the mechanical and tribological performance of PAAm/Alg blend hydrogels when performing under certain physiological conditions.
Global energy crises, limited energy resources and damage to nature in energy production have pushed humanity to use energy more efficiently and renewable energy sources. In this context, the importance of implementing energy efficiency and sustainable strategies in buildings which consumes high energy, has increased. In this study, the effect of luminaires substition with more efficient ones and electricity production by renewable energy sources on efficiency, sustainability and environment was examined on a sample education building.The calculations were made according to standards and equipment supplier data. As a result of this study, it has been found that the use of high-efficiency LED lighting instead of halogen or fluorescence luminaires in the engineering faculty building and laboratory of Hitit University, will reduce the electricity consumption by 68.2%. In addition, it has been deduced that the solar energy system to be installed on the faculty’s roof, will significantly reduce CO2 emission, and has a payback period of 5.5 years. In terms of gas emissions, a roof-mounted solar energy system is 21, 45, and 32 times less hazardous to the environment than natural gas, lignite, and fuel oil, respectively.
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