Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation can be used as a non-invasive complementary therapy due to its beneficial effects on forced expiratory volume in 1 seconds and exercise capacity in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Objective The present study aimed to determine the factors affecting the use of cleaning products at the home environment and the frequency of problems during the coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Materials and methods This cross‐sectional research was performed online between 30 August 2020 and 15 September 2020. The population of the study consisted of adults aged between 18 and 80 years, affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data collection forms (introductory information and risk perception form and cleaning products usage characteristics form) were shared through Web2 tools. The questionnaire study was completed with 674 participants between the ages of 18 and 80 years in Turkey. Descriptive statistics and classification tree were used in the analysis of the data. Statistical significance was accepted as P ≤ .01 in all analyses. Results During the pandemic period compared with the pre‐pandemic period, it was observed that the frequency of cleaning (69.3%) and the amount of cleaning product usage (74.2%) increased significantly and the frequency of problems related to the use of cleaning products was found as 46.9%. The most commonly reported problems were skin disturbances (68%) and shortness of breath (23%). It was determined that the history of contact with the COVID‐19 patient, the perceived risk of COVID‐19 infection and risky cleaning behaviour were predictive in determining the risk of experiencing problems related to cleaning products. The amount of bleach consumed per month among who did experience problems was higher than those who did not experience problems and was associated with the perceived risk of COVID‐19 infection. Conclusion In the COVID‐19 pandemic, human beings have been found to increase the frequency of cleaning and using cleaning products. In order to reduce the negative effects of chemicals used for cleaning on human and environmental health, the trainings to be given by the teams providing primary healthcare services can be effective as well as general education activities for community groups.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among lecturers. Materials and Methods: The study included 254 lecturers employed at Mersin University. The lecturers were selected by simple random sampling from lists obtained from the personnel department. Data were obtained between November 15 and December 15, 2017 using a questionnaire developed by the researchers and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). The data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, ANOVA, and correlation tests with the SPSS package program. Results: Of the lecturers who participated in the study, 52.8% were male and 47.2% were female, and the mean age was 39.29±9.41 years. According to OSDI scores, 20.5% of the participants had mild, 15% had moderate, and 36.5% had severe disease. There were significant differences in mean OSDI score based on sex (p<0.001), alcohol use (p=0.01), continuous drug use (p=0.03), wearing glasses (p=0.04), history of dry eye (p<0.001), and presence of dry eye symptoms (p<0.001). There were also significant differences between the OSDI score categories in terms of sex (p<0.001), smoking status (p=0.04), wearing glasses (p=0.03), history of dry eye (p<0.001), and presence of dry eye symptoms. The only factor significantly correlated with OSDI score was daily duration of computer usage (p=0.009). Conclusion: Our study showed that a substantial proportion of lecturers experience dry eye symptoms, and OSDI scores were associated with daily duration of computer use. Determining the factors associated with dry eye is important for the planning of preventive interventions.

A B S T R A C TBackground: Hand hygiene is crucial for safe healthcare. Although the use of alcohol hand rubs is encouraged in clinics, there are few studies that focus on the proper use of alcohol hand rubs among nursing students. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rub application and proper hand washing techniques which influence nursing students' hand hygiene compliance to make recommendations for future practice of hand hygiene training. Design: This cross-sectional study was carried out from May 3/June 3 2016 with the participation of 257 nursing students. Their hand hygiene techniques were analyzed using a UV lamp and an alcohol-based mix marked with fluorescence. Results: Of the participants, 77.0% were first-year students and 55.3% were males. The percentage of skin surface covered by alcohol-based hand rub was 82.0% on both hands. The lowest percentages of skin area covered by fluorescent-labelled hand rub were identified in the metacarpal area near the wrist and thumbs. While there was a difference between points for using proper hand-rub technique on the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the hands (p < 0.01), no difference was determined between the right and left hands (p > 0.05). It was found that the largest fluorescent remains were on fingers after hand-washing, and there was a difference in terms of hand-washing points between right-left hands and dorsal-palmar surfaces (p < 0.01). Conclusions: There is a need to improve nursing students' compliance with hand hygiene. It is suggested that the use of hand-rub among students should be popularized, and new techniques that prevent the frequently omitted areas of the hands should be integrated into the curriculum.

The aim of this study is to develop a scale for identifying nursing students' attitudes towards brain drain. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted between 01.03.2018 and 25.04.2018 and 423 undergraduate nursing students attending 1 st -4 th grades which was determined by the purpose sampling method. The research data is obtained from the 5 point likert type scale test form with 35 items. Results: The fit of the scale to the factor analysis was evaluated with the "Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient" and "Barlett Sphericity Test". As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 19 items were subtracted from the scale. The remaining 16-item in the draft scale explained 51% of the total variance. The items were grouped under 2 components as "push and pull factors". The factor loadings of the scale ranged from 0.93 to 0.37 and the corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.81 to 0.34. It has been found that Cronbach Alpha for all scale, first and second components are 0.91; 0.88; and 0.86 irrespectively. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed by the another sample group of 396 nursing students to improve the validity of the scale. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that factor structure fit the data (χ 2 / sd= 3.68, RMSEA=0.083, CFI=0.97, NFI=0.96, GFI=0.89, AGFI= 0.86). Conclusion:The scale is a reliable and a valid tool for measuring the attitudes of the nursing students towards brain drain. The scale should also be tried in different sample groups. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin beyin göçüne ilişkin tutumlarını belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma 01.03.2018-25.04.2018 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya hemşirelik lisans programı 1-4. sınıflarda okuyan ve amaçlı örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 423 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri 5'li likert tipinde 35 madde içeren denemelik ölçek formdan elde edilmiştir. Bulgular: Ölçeğin faktör analizine uygunluğu "Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin katsayısı" ve "Barlett Sphericity Testi" ile değerlendirilmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 19 maddenin ölçekten çıkarılmasıyla kalan 16 maddelik taslak ölçek, toplam varyansın % 51'ini açıklamaktadır. Maddeler "itici ve çekici faktörler" olarak iki bileşen altında toplanmıştır. Ölçeğin faktör yükleri 0.93 ile 0.37, düzeltilmiş madde-toplam korelasyonları ise 0.81 ile 0.34 arasında değişmektedir. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa güvenirliliği, bütüne ilişkin 0.91 ve alt bileşenlerine ilişkin 0.88 ve 0.86'dır. Ölçeğin geçerlilik kanıtlarını arttırmak için 396 hemşirelik öğrencisinden toplanan yeni verilerle yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, faktör yapısının veriyle uyumlu olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (χ 2 / sd= 3.68, RMSEA=0.083, CFI=0.97, NFI=0.96, GFI=0.89, AGFI= 0.86). Sonuç: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin beyin göçüne ilişkin tutumunu değerlendirmek üzere geliştirilen ölçeğin güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ölçek daha farklı örneklem gruplarında da denenmelidir.

Aims To determine the main driving factors affecting the senior nursing students in their decision to migrate and to evaluate the effect of attitude towards migration in career planning. Background In order to promote the nursing workforce, it is important to understand the factors affecting the decisions to migrate. Method A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 1,410 Turkish nursing students. The data, which were collected using the Descriptive Form and Attitude Scale for Brain Drain (BD‐s), were analysed with the multiple regression and decision tree analysis. Results The mean score of attitudes towards migration was 56.30 ± 12.09 (min 16‐ max 80). The main push–pull drivers to migrate were the socio‐political factors and working conditions. The BD‐s score was higher in the participants, who had overseas experience, had career plans and studied in a metropolitan city. The strongest variable predicting career planning was the attitude towards migration. Conclusion The opinions of the students on career planning and their intentions to migrate indicated that the shortage of nurses would continue in Turkey in the future. Implications for Nursing Management The prospects of the nursing candidates regarding the nursing profession should be addressed considering their expectations for initial salaries, career development and salary increases.

Hand hygiene for children is crucial to keep them healthy. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of two educational initiatives on "handwashing effectiveness (HWE)." A randomized controlled trial was carried out during April/June 2016, and 96 primary school students were randomly assigned to Group I receiving education with fluorescent gel; Group II receiving interactive education or control group continuing its normal education. Evaluation was made by scoring the fluorescent areas on the hands with photographs. There were significant differences in handwashing scores between preprogram and postprogram for all areas in only Group II ( p < .05). HWE increased from 17.9% to 18.4% in Group I, from 15.4% to 37.7% in Group II, and from 35.5% to 35.8% in control group. Only concretization with fluorescent gel is not a sufficiently strong motivator for increasing HWE. New techniques should be integrated into the training programs for children.