The results suggest that the Turkish version of the NDI validated in this study is an easy to understand, reliable, and valid instrument for the measurement of the limitation of activities of daily living and pain caused by neck disorders in the Turkish-speaking population.

The risk of musculoskeletal pain, participation in daily life and hopelessness level in the mothers increased as the ambulation level of the disabled children decreased.

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Objectives: The purposes of this study were: (1) to show the impact of chronic low back pain (CLBP) on physical performance, fear avoidance behavior and depressive symptoms in older adults; (2) to describe the relationships between outcome measurements obtained in this study. Methodology: Ninety-one participants with or without chronic low back pain were included in this study. Only four tests in the Back Performance Scale were used to assess the physical performance of the participants. A Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire related to physical activity and the Geriatric Depression Scale were also used to examine each subject. Results: The level of performance shown by elderly adults with low back pain was worse than elders without low back pain in the sock test and the pick-up test (p < 0.05). Little correlation between the finger-to-floor test and fear avoidance behaviour related to physical activity was found (p < 0.05). There was little/poor correlation between all performance tests and depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings indicate that CLBP decreases physical performance, but increases fear avoidance behavior and depressive symptoms in elderly adults. At the same time, it was determined that performance level of elderly adults with back pain was related especially with depressive symptoms.

This aim of this study was to determine the effect of different conservative treatment methods on pain intensity, disability, quality of life, and mood in patients with cervical spondylosis during a 6-month period. The patients were randomized into three groups. The 1st group (n = 20) was treated with active and passive physiotherapy methods, the 2nd group (n = 20) with active treatment methods, and the 3rd group (n = 20) with medication, including nonsteroid anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxing medicines. The 1st and 2nd groups received individual exercise treatment according to their current problems as determined by the assessment. Pain recovery was found to be statistically significant after treatment and long-term follow-up for all three groups (P < 0.05). Disability improvement was significant in all groups after treatment and 3rd months and only in 1st group after 6 months (P < 0.05). Quality of life improvement was significant in all groups after treatment, at 3 months, and in the 1st and 2nd groups at 6 months (P < 0.05). Psychological recovery was significant in all groups after treatment and in the 1st and 2nd groups during long-term follow-up (P < 0.05). It was determined that patient satisfaction did not change in the 1st and 2nd group (P > 0.05), but decreased in the 3rd group (P < 0.05) during long-term follow-up. There was more improvement in the two groups receiving exercise treatment than the group receiving medical treatment. In conclusion, exercise treatment has an important role in achieving long-term recovery of problems occurring with cervical spondylosis.

Lower levels of depression among employed women can give the idea that social ambience at work place, focusing at work and economic independence play a role in decreasing depression.

Introduction: The cultural adaptation of a self-report measurement in different languages is important for developing common strategies for evaluation and treatment. The Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ), which was developed to evaluate patients with neck pain, was adapted from the Bournemouth Questionnaire in accordance with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) categories. The aim of this study was to conduct the Turkish cultural adaptation, validity and reliability study of the NBQ. Material and methods: The study included 119 patients (93 females, 26 males; mean age: 37.2 ±11.8 years) with chronic nonspecific neck pain. The NBQ, Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) questionnaires were administered to all the subjects. Test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) and the internal consistency (Cronbach's a) were the methods used for the reliability study. The relationship between NBQ, NDI and NHP was investigated for concurrent validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. Results: The Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire showed good internal consistency (a = 0.87). The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.913 (95% CI: 0.875-0.940). The correlations between NBQ and NDI and NHP were significant (p < 0.05). The questionnaire was found to have one factor and the explained variance was 59.084% as a result of factor analysis. Conclusions: The Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire is a valid and reliable scale for patients with chronic neck pain in the Turkish population.

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