Seaweed extracts, because of their physicochemical characteristics and potential nutritional value, could provide a new source of dietary ®bre. This study investigated changes in seaweed ®bres (physicochemical and fermentative properties) in different digestive sites and their effects on digesta (viscosity and hydration properties). Sixteen pigs were adapted to a test diet supplemented with 5% algal ®bre (either Palmaria palmata (PP), a poorly viscous soluble xylan; or Eucheuma cottonii (EC), a partly insoluble carrageenan; or Laminaria digitata (LD), a highly viscous soluble alginate) or 5% cellulose (reference ®bre). PP did not modify the characteristics of digesta and was fermented in the caecum (pH 6.1 AE 0.4; short-chain fatty acids measured in digesta, 1409 AE 691 mmol g À1 dry matter). EC and LD were mainly insoluble in the stomach, becoming soluble in the intestine; EC was slightly fermented in the colon, giving a low concentration of short-chain fatty acids (303 AE 122 mmol g À1 dry matter). Supplementation of the diet with alginate (LD) increased 3.5-fold the ileal viscosity of digesta and their hydration capacity in the ileum and colon. Thus the physicochemical properties of pig digesta largely depend on the physicochemical properties of the ingested seaweed ®bre, the pH and ionic conditions prevailing in the gut, and their fermentability.
The life of clarinettist Franz Tausch (1762–1817) spanned a formative period of development both for his instrument and the culture he operated within, yet he has been neglected because of his lack of association with a major composer. Tausch received his musical education at the Mannheim and Munich courts, where he was exposed to broad cultural and musical influences. His compositions for clarinet show his playing to have foreshadowed the virtuosity associated with his pupils Heinrich Baermann and Bernhard Henrik Crusell. This can particularly be seen in his exploitation of the new possibilities afforded by instruments with a fully chromatic bottom octave, as well as in his incorporation of extreme high-register writing in his concertos. Tausch’s transition from a life of court service to successfully establishing himself within the diverse musical culture and social hierarchy of Berlin is documented in the changing nature of his compositions as well as contemporary written sources. His life is a case study of a trajectory typical of many musicians working at the end of the eighteenth century.
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