Reproduction is a fundamental imperative of all forms of life. For all the advantages sexual reproduction confers, it has a deeply conserved flaw: it is temperature sensitive. As temperatures rise, fertility decreases. Across species, male fertility is particularly sensitive to elevated temperature. Previously, we have shown in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that all males are fertile at 20°C, but almost all males have lost fertility at 27°C. Male fertility is dependent on the production of functional sperm, successful mating and transfer of sperm, and successful fertilization post-mating. To determine how male fertility is impacted by elevated temperature, we analyzed these aspects of male reproduction at 27°C in three wildtype strains of C. elegans: JU1171, LKC34 and N2. We found no effect of elevated temperature on the number of immature non-motile spermatids formed. There was only a weak effect of elevated temperature on sperm activation. In stark contrast, there was a strong effect of elevated temperature on male mating behavior, male tail morphology and sperm transfer such that males very rarely completed mating successfully when exposed to 27°C. Therefore, we propose a model where elevated temperature reduces male fertility as a result of the negative impacts of temperature on the somatic tissues necessary for mating. Loss of successful mating at elevated temperature overrides any effects that temperature may have on the germline or sperm cells.
l'étude sociologigue de la famille a fait ses débuts au Québec il y a plus de 100 ans. Or, à la fin des années 1960, les cours de sociologie de la famille se sont rapidement répandus dans les universités anglo‐canadiennes. Cet article vise à examiner la sociologie familiale et son développement autant sur le plan académique qu'en ce qui a trait à la société canadienne entre 1964 et 1989. L'auteure tente également d'ex‐pliquer la hausse et le déclin dans l'étude de la famille par les socio‐logues canadiens depuis la fin du XIXe siecle. Le but de cet article est d'apporter un complément à lTiistoire de la sociologie canadienne, qui est en train de se développer et qui dispose de peu de références à ce jour dans ce sous‐domaine. Enfin, on considère l'avenir de la sociologie familiale au Canada.
The sociological study of families began over 100 years ago in Quebec, and during the late 1960s courses in family sociology spread rapidly throughout Anglo‐Canadian universities. In this paper the field of family sociology is examined as it developed in the context of the Canadian academy and sociology between 1964 and 1989, and explanations are offered for the rise and fall of interest in the study of family by Canadian sociologists over the years since the late 19th century. The aim is to complement the history of Canadian sociology that is being developed by chroniclers who so far have seldom mentioned the sub‐field. Finally, the future of family sociology in Canada is considered.
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