The role played by women in worldwide food production and food security has reinvigorated debates about the recognition of women’s rights in the rural sector regarding better working conditions and the reduction of gender inequalities. In the 1980s, the social movement in Brazil restructured the politics in the agrarian sector by integrating farmers’ rights and women’s demands. Against this background, the objective of this study is to analyze, through the actors’ perspectives, whether and how the combination of public policies for family farmers affected the socio-economic and political empowerment of women. Our case study covers family farmers from traditional communities located in the Brazilian semi-arid. The results show that women achieved economic stability by participating in public food procurement programmes. In addition, access to cisterns released women from the daily work of collecting water. Women became more involved with political issues, increasing participation in institutions such as NGOs, associations and cooperatives. Among the negative aspects, the study found that the sexual division of labor increased within the household context, and, despite being fundamental for ensuring household food security, women still struggle to have access to the means of production.
The global narrative on food sustainability revolves around the need to improve food security, right to food, environmental performance, social-ecological resilience, reducing poverty, and inequality. Such principles were guiding a food policy shift for addressing the needs of family farmers, taking place in Brazil. However, how these policies were seen from the point of view of family farmers has not yet been investigated sufficiently. Consequently, this paper presents the results of an assessment of how food policies have impacted the food system in terms of production practices, market structure, land access, and food security, through the perception of family farmers. Our study concerns the semi-arid part of the state of Bahia (Brazil), in which rainfed food systems prevail. The perception of family farmers on the food policies related to credit, public procurement, technology, knowledge, and land access showed three main results: (1) concerning production practices, there was an increase in crop diversification (formerly collected wild plants are currently cultivated) and the dissemination of agro-ecological techniques (organic matter as a fertilizer and seed bank). However, credit is limited, not being translated into significant investments in the production process; (2) with regard to market structure, the public food procurement programs created a specific market for farmers assuring to provide reliable and stable income and trade through economies of scale. The negative factor regarding public food procurement programs is the dependence of farmers from institutional markets organized by the government; (3) food security was increased, due to the stable income, but the lack of policies directed at on-farm autonomy makes production for self-consumption difficult to be achieved. Also, the legal basis for land access does not meet the expectations and needs of farmers, placing them in a position of vulnerability to land grabbing. We conclude that the new food public policies had positive impacts, through a double strategy, consisting in first, the improvement of individual food system activities, and second, interconnecting single food system activities in such a way that they create synergies among them, in view of basic principles of sustainable food systems.
Resumo Buscaremos apresentar, neste breve trabalho, algumas considera-ções acerca da discursividade anti-haitiana, que, produzida e disseminada em longa duração, constitui a base sobre a qual está assentada certa tra-dição de identidade haitiana. Trata-se de narrativa acerca do desenvol-vimento e do estabelecimento desses discursos, cujas origens-na pers-pectiva apresentada-remontam ao período colonial, nas relações que se estabelecem entre colonizadores e colonizados, e se desenvolvem de maneira singular a partir do trauma da Revolução, que passa a gurar, por um lado, como o marco fundante do povo haitiano, e, por outro, de sua denegação. Procuraremos demonstrar como a recorrência de determina-dos traços dessa discursividade, mapeadas ao longo do texto, nos permite esboçar os contorno de uma tradição, na qual as identidades haitianas emergem, no mais das vezes, sob um viés negativo, depreciativo, e, por vezes, bárbaro. Palavras-chave: Haiti. Anti-haitianismo. Identidade. Representação. Dis-curso. Abstract We will seek to present in this brief paper, some considerations about anti-Haitian discourse, who produced and disseminated in the long term, is the foundation on which sits a certain tradition of Haitian identity. It is a narrative about the development and the establishment of these discourses, whose origins-in the presented perspective-date back to the colonial period, from the relations established between colonizers and colonized, and develop in an unique way from the Revolution trauma, which features on the one hand, as the foundational framework of the Haitian people, and on the other, its denegation. We will seek to demonstrate how the recurrence of certain remains of this discourse, mapped throughout the text, allows us to sketch the outline of a tradition in which the Haitian identities emerge, in most cases, under a negative bias, derogatory , and sometimes, barbarian.
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