The term &dquo;career&dquo; has been defined in a number of ways in the literature. Van Maanen (1977) uses a broad definition of career: a series of distinct experiences which may be related and which comprise an individual life. Following from this definition, then, is the notion of career as a series of one's working experiences. As Super (1963Super ( , 1976 has well-documented, men's careers have often followed a linear trajectory. Men establish themselves in a particular field and, with time, progress upward within that field in a hierarchical, stepby-step fashion to increased responsibility and compensation; thus men attain career success.Whether or not this same pattern applies to women's career development is uncertain. Women's careers have been found to differ in substantial ways from men's. In general, it has been found that women emphasize salary less and job satisfaction more than men do (McGowen & Hart, 1992), indicating that the rewards of working are different for many women. Cook (1993) suggests that the competitive orientation of the career ladder may not be attractive to many women.A focus on the workplace compounds home-career interaction problems for many women. Sacrifices demanded by organizations of those on a fast-track career exact a toll on personal lives, sacrifices which many women may be unwilling to make. Hardesty and Jacobs (1986) discovered that many successful women feel betrayed and disillusioned with the career success they attained from upward linear mobility. Powell and Mainiero (1992) theorize that women measure their caat UNIV OF FLORIDA Smathers Libraries on June 5, 2016 jcd.sagepub.com Downloaded from
The purpose of this research was to link self‐efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977, 1982) with job club methodology (Azrin, Flores, & Kaplan, 1975) by presenting a case study that measured changes in self‐efficacy as a result of welfare recipients' participation in a job club. The job club enhanced each of the 4 sources of job search self‐efficacy expectations postulated by Bandura and resulted in return to work for all participants. Implications for counselors are suggested between the results shown and the current efforts to reduce welfare dependency.
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