It is not indeed necessary to own a country in order to do trade with it or invest capital in it.—J. A. Hobson, 1902 WHEN WE EXAMINEAlfred Tennyson's and Matthew Arnold's poetic depictions of the wealth of the East, we find that most poems respond to one of two impulses. Some poems seem motivated mainly by the same classic orientalism that is exemplified by those poems of the Romantic period that represent the East as a world apart, untouched by time. But Arnold and Tennyson also wrote poems driven more by the imperialist currents that strengthened throughout the Victorian period; these poems show the East becoming increasingly assimilated into the very modern world of commerce within the British imperial system. In their poems on Eastern wealth, then, Arnold and Tennyson seem not only to be working through their inheritance from Romanticism (specifically, Romantic orientalism), but also to be negotiating between more traditional notions of value and those specific to the developing political and economic systems of the Victorian age. Ultimately, these poems' conception of the wealth of the East is at least consistent with, if not also implicated in, the conflicted evolution of imperialist ideology.
Feminist activist and scholar Sondra Hale has made significant contributions to Sudan studies and politics through her research and her participation in Sudanese women’s rights advocacy and other progressive political movements. An analysis of Hale’s professional record as an academic shows a strong relationship between her personal commitment to social justice and her intellectual contributions to the field of gender politics in Sudan, the Middle East, and Africa Using data from Hale’s teaching, research, and activist networks, this study presents both a narrative assessment and a visual map of her career impact. We contrast conventional academic bibliometrics with an alternative mapping of influence through an examination of her participation in Sudanese and other women’s networks. The article makes use of feminist theory to review Hale’s negotiation of a public life that interrogates power and privilege in the American academy, as well as in Sudanese society.
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