IBERSEIS, a 303 km long (20 s) deep seismic reflection profile, was acquired across the Variscan belt in SW Iberian Peninsula. The acquisition parameters were designed to obtain a high‐resolution crustal‐scale image of this orogen. The seismic profile samples three major tectonic terranes: the South Portuguese Zone, the Ossa‐Morena Zone, and the Central Iberian Zone, which were accreted in Late Paleozoic times. These terranes show a distinctive seismic signature, as do the sutures separating them. Late strike‐slip movements through crustal wedges are apparent in the seismic image and have strongly modified the geometry of sutures. The upper crust appears to be decoupled from the lower crust all along the seismic line, but some deformation has been accommodated at deeper levels. A sill‐like structure is imaged in the middle crust as a 1–2 s thick and 175 km long high‐amplitude conspicuous reflective band. It is interpreted as a great intrusion of mafic magma in a midcrustal decollement. Taking into account surface geological data and the revealed crustal architecture, a tectonic evolution is proposed for SW Iberia which includes transpressional collision interacting during Early Carboniferous with a mantle plume. The Moho can be identified along the entire transect as subhorizontal and located at 10 to 11 s, indicating a 30–35 km average crustal thickness. Its seismic signature changes laterally, being very reflective beneath the South Portuguese Zone and the Central Iberian Zone, but discontinuous and diffuse below the Ossa Morena Zone.

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