Predicting responses of coastal ecosystems to altered sea surface temperatures (SST) associated with global climate change, requires knowledge of demographic responses of individual species. Body size is an excellent metric because it scales strongly with growth and fecundity for many ectotherms. These attributes can underpin demographic as well as community and ecosystem level processes, providing valuable insights for responses of vulnerable coastal ecosystems to changing climate. We investigated contemporary macroscale patterns in body size among widely distributed crustaceans that comprise the majority of intertidal abundance and biomass of sandy beach ecosystems of the eastern Pacific coasts of Chile and California, USA. We focused on ecologically important species representing different tidal zones, trophic guilds and developmental modes, including a high-shore macroalga-consuming talitrid amphipod (Orchestoidea tuberculata), two mid-shore scavenging cirolanid isopods (Excirolana braziliensis and E. hirsuticauda), and a low-shore suspension-feeding hippid crab (Emerita analoga) with an amphitropical distribution. Significant latitudinal patterns in body sizes were observed for all species in Chile (21° - 42°S), with similar but steeper patterns in Emerita analoga, in California (32°- 41°N). Sea surface temperature was a strong predictor of body size (-4% to -35% °C-1) in all species. Beach characteristics were subsidiary predictors of body size. Alterations in ocean temperatures of even a few degrees associated with global climate change are likely to affect body sizes of important intertidal ectotherms, with consequences for population demography, life history, community structure, trophic interactions, food-webs, and indirect effects such as ecosystem function. The consistency of results for body size and temperature across species with different life histories, feeding modes, ecological roles, and microhabitats inhabiting a single widespread coastal ecosystem, and for one species, across hemispheres in this space-for-time substitution, suggests predictions of ecosystem responses to thermal effects of climate change may potentially be generalised, with important implications for coastal conservation.
The April 1st 2014 Iquique earthquake (MW 8.1) occurred along the northern Chile margin where the Nazca plate is subducted below the South American continent. The last great megathrust earthquake here, in 1877 of Mw ~8.8 opened a seismic gap, which was only partly closed by the 2014 earthquake. Prior to the earthquake in 2013, and shortly after it we compared data from leveled benchmarks, deployed campaign GPS instruments, continuous GPS stations and estimated sea levels using the upper vertical level of rocky shore benthic organisms including algae, barnacles, and mussels. Land-level changes estimated from mean elevations of benchmarks indicate subsidence along a ~100-km stretch of coast, ranging from 3 to 9 cm at Corazones (18°30’S) to between 30 and 50 cm at Pisagua (19°30’S). About 15 cm of uplift was measured along the southern part of the rupture at Chanabaya (20°50’S). Land-level changes obtained from benchmarks and campaign GPS were similar at most sites (mean difference 3.7±3.2 cm). Higher differences however, were found between benchmarks and continuous GPS (mean difference 8.5±3.6 cm), possibly because sites were not collocated and separated by several kilometers. Subsidence estimated from the upper limits of intertidal fauna at Pisagua ranged between 40 to 60 cm, in general agreement with benchmarks and GPS. At Chanavaya, the magnitude and sense of displacement of the upper marine limit was variable across species, possibly due to species—dependent differences in ecology. Among the studied species, measurements on lithothamnioid calcareous algae most closely matched those made with benchmarks and GPS. When properly calibrated, rocky shore benthic species may be used to accurately measure land-level changes along coasts affected by subduction earthquakes. Our calibration of those methods will improve their accuracy when applied to coasts lacking pre-earthquake data and in estimating deformation during pre–instrumental earthquakes.
Oral communication abstracts Methods: This was an external audit of 100 patients after laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. All had a standardised interview, clinical prolapse assessment (ICS POPQ) and transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) with GE Voluson 730 Expert or S6 systems. Recurrence was defined as either 1) recurrent symptoms of prolapse, 2) Ba ≥ −1, or 3) bladder descent ≥ 10mm below symphysis pubis on TPUS. Mesh was identified in the three orthogonal planes at rest and on maximum valsalva. Mesh mobility was assessed with the formula √ ([Xvalsalva-Xrest]2 + [Yvalsalva-Yrest]2). Results: Mean follow-up interval was 3.06 yrs (0.13-6.87). Thirtyone patients reported recurrent symptoms of prolapse. There were 84 patients with clinical prolapse recurrence; 60 in the anterior and 47 in the posterior compartment, but none apically. Mesh could be identified in 60 patients. Its lowermost aspect was located on average 26 mm (SD 13) from the bladder neck at rest and 48 mm (SD 25) on Valsalva. Lowest mesh position and mesh mobility on valsalva were associated with recurrent cystocele. For every mm of distance from the bladder neck on Valsalva, the likelihood of cystocele recurrence was increased by 6-7% (P= 0.001). Conclusions: Cystocele recurrence following laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is common, and it seems that such recurrence is related to mesh position and mobility. The lower the mesh reaches towards the bladder neck, the lower is the likelihood of anterior compartment recurrence. It may therefore be beneficial to develop techniques that reliably extend sacrocolpopexy mesh to the bladder base. OC19.05 Levator ani muscle injury after instrumental delivery in Chinese primiparous women
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