The major problem in coastal areas of developing countries is disturbance caused by anthropogenic influence. This disturbance can be quantified by analysing the distribution and composition of marine communities using uni-and multivariate techniques and the biotic index. A study of benthic macrofauna was carried out along the São Sebastião Channel, northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, in an area with a submarine outfall, a petroleum terminal and a commercial harbour. Sampling was undertaken seasonally, by means of a van Veen grab (0.1 m 2 ) at 15 oceanographic stations, from November 1993 to August 1994. A total of 392 species were identified (129 Polychaeta, 127 Mollusca, 98 Crustacea, 28 Echinodermata and 10 other phyla). The sedimentary pattern recorded for the São Sebastião Channel is very heterogeneous, influenced mainly by strong wind-driven currents, and differs from nearby shelf areas. The study area could be divided into three regions based on sediment texture and fauna: one region dominated by medium and coarse sand with low values of organic carbon; a second area where pelitic fractions were dominant with high values of organic carbon and nitrogen; and a third region characterised by fine and very fine sand, presenting intermediate organic carbon values. No temporal significant variation in abundance and species composition was found, except in autumn. The use of the Ômarine Biotic CoefficientÕ showed the same ecological trend as the faunal abundance and demonstrated that the central continental region of the channel is affected by human activities.

The greenhouse effect and resulting increase in the Earth's temperature may accelerate the mean sea-level rise. The natural response of bays and estuaries to this rise, such as this case study of Santos Bay (Brazil), will include change in shoreline position, land flooding and wetlands impacts. The main impacts of this scenario were studied in a physical model built in the Coastal and Harbour Division of Hydraulic Laboratory, University of São Paulo, and the main conclusions are presented in this paper. The model reproduces near 1,000 km(2) of the study area, including Santos, São Vicente, Praia Grande, Cubatão, Guarujá and Bertioga cities.

ABSTRACT. Diversity and community organization of the benthic macrofauna were investigated along the São Sebastião Channel, northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, and related to sedimentary variables and organic load. These important outstanding soft bottom benthic habitats are characterized by their close proximity to sources of human impact. Sampling was undertaken seasonally, using a Van Veen grab (0.1 m 2 ) in 15 oceanographic stations, from November 1993 to August 1994. A total of 392 species were recorded and polychaetes completed nearly 50% of the fauna. Twenty three species were most numerous and frequent and comprised the baseline pool for the area. Sites were classified with respect to sediments in three site-groupings according to Arasaki et al. (2004). The finest-sediment site-group had significantly fewer species than coarser site-groups. The stations locate at the south opening and in the axis of the channel presented sediments with organic matter predominantly of marine origin, indicating the flow of open sea waters across the channel. These places showed also higher values of diversity and species richness. The site-group located along the insular side and in the channel north mouth, stood out for the significantly higher density. Although its relative small area the channel presented species richness similar to that found in the adjacent inner continental shelf. Comparisons between channel and adjacent shelf habitats are addressed in the light of ecological data. Keywords: diversity, macrofauna, continental shelf, São Sebastião Channel, Brazil, South Atlantic Ocean.Aspectos ecológicos de la macrofauna bentónica del Canal de São Sebastião, sudeste de Brasil RESUMEN. Se estudió la organización y diversidad de la comunidad macrobentónica de fondos blandos del canal de São Sebastião, costa norte del Estado de São Paulo, Brazil, relacionándolo con variables sedimentológicas y carga orgánica del sedimento. Estos fondos marinos importantes para especies bentónicas se caracterizan por encontrarse próximos a fuentes de impacto antrópico. El muestreo se desarrolló estacionalmente a lo largo de un año, en 15 estaciones oceanográficas, con una draga Van Veen (0.1 m 2 ), desde noviembre de 1993 hasta agosto de 1994. Se identificó un total de 392 especies, correspondiendo los poliquetos aprox. al 50% de la fauna. De este total, 23 especies fueron las más abundantes y frecuentes. Las estaciones fueron clasificadas según el sedimento en tres grupos de acuerdo con Arasaki et al. (2004). El grupo de estaciones caracterizado por sedimentos finos presentó significativamente menos especies que los otros dos grupos. Las estaciones localizadas en el extremo sur del canal y en su eje longitudinal presentaron sedimentos con materia orgánica predominantemente de origen marino, reflejando el flujo de aguas del océano abierto a través del canal. Estas estaciones mostraron también mayores valores de diversidad y riqueza de especies. Por otro lado, el grupo de estaciones localizado del lado insular y en la boca norte del...

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Santos Harbor Area (SHA) in Sao Paulo Coastline (Brazil) is the most important marine cargo transfer terminal in the Southern Hemisphere. A long term relative tidal level variability assessment shows a consistent response to relative sea level rise. A wave data base Wave Watch III was compared with a long term wave data-base generated by the ERA40-ECMWF (2003), both local validated. The current bed level of SHA Outer Channel is -15.00 m (Chart Datum or, in abbreviation, CD), maintained by dredging. According to the cargo throughput forecast, in 2025, the Access Channel will have to be deepened to level of -17.00 m. The feasibility of that choice is discussed from a technical, economical and conceptual navigation point of view in that context. A data set found from a scale model of the whole area of Santos Bay, Estuary and nearby beaches, showed the impact of maritime climate changes upon the coastal area. In the previous researches developed by the authors, it was demonstrated that the wave climate, the tides and tidal currents affect harbor and coastal structures maintenance, beaches stability, tidal inlet, sediment transport, saline intrusion and wetlands. Considering the increasing of the sea hazards and the high values of the infrastructures in that coastline, it is necessary to mitigate the risks. Hence, based on the results obtained by the authors, are highlighted guidelines strategies suggested for Access Channels dimensions, wharves free-board, jetties dimensions, dredging rates, rigid and flexible littoral defenses and land protection against flooding (including wetlands).