Introduction: It is well established that periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) can have a detrimental effect on each other's disease course, and that cigarette smoking exacerbates both conditions. However, literature on the periodontal status of smokers with DM is scarce, and the studies conducted to date did not use healthy controls or non-smokers with DM as controls. Consequently, the individual effects of smoking and DM on PD are difficult to untangle and estimate. Methods: A total of 128 participants were recruited to this study and their data analyzed. They were assigned to four groups: smoking
The purpose of this study was to analyze the fracture resistance and marginal leakage of noncarious cervical lesion (NCCL) restorations made of different restorative materials. Eighty upper premolars were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20/group). Standardized NCCL cavity preparations were performed on the buccal surface of the teeth and then restored with four different materials. Group 1: Packable resin composite (PC); Group 2: Highly flowable resin composite (HF); Group 3: Low flowable resin composite (LF); Group 4: Resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). After restorations were completed, cyclic and static fracture behavior was evaluated using a loading testing machine. Extra restored teeth were sectioned and then stained (n = 5/group). The specimens were viewed under a stereo microscope and the percentage of microgaps at the tooth–restoration interface was calculated. All restored teeth survived after fatigue loading. There was no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference between the tested restorations after the static loading test. NCCLs restored with highly filled flowable composite showed the least microleakage among the tested groups (p < 0.05). The investigated restorative materials are acceptable for NCCL restorations in terms of fracture resistance and microleakage.
BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cigarette smoking are both risk factors for periodontal disease (PD). Previous research suggests that systemic inflammatory conditions and cigarette smoking may act in synergy, and their co-occurrence leads to a much higher risk of developing severe stage PD than what the combination of their individual risks would suggest. We originally sought to test this in the case of RA, but it turned out that the majority of our patients were former smokers, who smoked for prolonged periods in the past. For that reason, we decided to shift our focus toward the possible effects of past chronic cigarette smoke exposure.MethodsThe data of 73 RA patients and 77 healthy controls were analyzed. The participants received a full-mouth periodontal examination to determine their periodontal status. Rheumatological indices and data on past tobacco use were also recorded. Both the patient and the control groups were divided into former smoker and non-smoker subgroups for the analyses. Non-smoker controls were used as the reference group.ResultsIn the control group, smoking in history increased the odds of developing both the moderate and the severe stages of PD, but the change was not statistically significant. RA significantly, increased the odds of developing both stages in itself, but the highest odds were seen in the former smoker RA group.ConclusionBased on this surprising observation of ours, we hypothesize that chronic cigarette smoke might bring about permanent changes in the periodontal tissues, leading to their hypersensitivity to inflammatory challenges.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the mechanical impact of different direct restorations in terms of fracture resistance, and subsequent fracture pattern, in occlusal high C-factor cavities. Furthermore, the adaptation of different direct restorations in the form of gap formation was also evaluated. Seventy-two intact mandibular molars were collected and randomly distributed into three groups (n = 24). Class I occlusal cavities with standardized dimensions were prepared in all specimens. After adhesive treatment, the cavities were restored with direct restorations utilizing three different materials. Group 1: layered conventional packable resin composite (Filtek Ultimate), Group 2: bulk-fill resin composite (SDR), Group 3: bulk-fill short fibre-reinforced composite (SFRC; everX Posterior) covered with packable composite occlusally. Half of the restored specimens underwent static load-to fracture testing (n = 12/group), while the rest underwent sectioning and staining for microleakage evaluation and gap formation analysis. Fracture patterns were evaluated visually among the mechanically tested specimens. The layered composite restoration (Group 1) showed significantly lower fracture resistance compared to the bulk fill groups (Group 2, p = 0.005, Group 3, p = 0.008), while there was no difference in fracture resistance between the other groups. In terms of gap formation values, the layered composite restoration (Group 1) produced significantly higher gap formation compared to the bulk-fill groups (Group 2, p = 0.000, Group 3, p = 0.000). Regarding the fracture pattern, SFRC (Group 3) produced the highest number, while SDR (Group 2) produced the lowest number of repairable fractures. The use of bulk-fill resin composite (fibre or non-fibre-reinforced) for occlusal direct restorations in high C-factor cavities showed promising achievements regarding both fracture resistance and microleakage. Furthermore, the use of short fibre-reinforced bulk-fill composite can also improve the fracture pattern of the restoration-tooth unit. Bulk-fill materials provide a simple and effective solution for restoring and reinforcing high C-factor occlusal cavities.
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