IntroductionEmpathy, in its affective and cognitive components, is a crucial interpersonal ability. It is broadly studied in the field of psychopathology, whereas its study in the neurodegenerative diseases is relatively recent. Existing literature, though, focused on a reduced subset of considered diseases, which often found a compromise in empathy abilities. Organized knowledge about a more comprehensive set of diseases is lacking.MethodThe present PRISMA systematic review was aimed at collecting the current available literature concerning empathic alterations in adult patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases. It considered the different empathy components, evaluated existing patterns, the impact on patients’ lives, and treatment considerations.ResultsOverall, the 32 retrieved studies describe a spread deterioration of empathic abilities in patients, with each disease displaying its own pattern of empathy functioning. Literature in this field is fragmented and of heterogeneous quality, and further studies are warranted to increase evidence of many preliminary results.DiscussionIn conclusion, we highlight the crucial importance of acknowledging empathy deficits in these diseases, showing their repercussion on both patients’ and caregivers’ quality of life, the establishment of a functional doctor–patient relationship, and the development of efficacious psychological intervention. These clinical approaches can be enriched by the knowledge of the spared abilities of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases.

Peculiar cognitive profile of patients with SBMA has been described by fragmented literature. Our retrospective study reports the neuropsychological evaluations of a large cohort of patients in order to contribute towards the understanding of this field. We consider 64 neuropsychological evaluations assessing mnesic, linguistic and executive functions collected from 2013 to 2015 in patients attending at Motor Neuron Disease Centre of University of Padova. The battery consisted in: Digit Span forwards and backwards, Prose Memory test, Phonemic Verbal fluency and Trail making tests. ANCOVA statistics were employed to compare tests scores results with those obtained from a sample of healthy control subjects. Multiple linear regressions were used to study the effect on cognitive performance of CAG-repeat expansion, the degree of androgen insensitivity and their interaction to cognitive performance. Statistical analyses did not reveal altered scores in any neuropsychological tests among those adopted. Interestingly, patients performed significantly better in the Prose Memory test’s score. No relevant associations were found with genetic, hormonal or clinical patients’ profile. Results inconsistent with previous studies have been interpreted according to the phenomenon of somatic mosaicism. We suggest a testosterone-related and the mood state-dependant perspectives as two possible interpretations of the enhanced performances in the Prose Memory test. Further studies employing more datailed tests batteries are encouraged.

Background: Spino-bulbar muscular atrophy is a rare genetic X-linked disease caused by testosterone insensitivity. An inverse correlation has been described between testosterone levels and empathic responses. The present study explored the profile of neural empathic responding in spino-bulbar muscular atrophy patients. Methods: Eighteen patients with spino-bulbar muscular atrophy and eighteen healthy male controls were enrolled in the study. Their event-related potentials were recorded during an “Empathy Task” designed to distinguish neural responses linked with experience-sharing (early response) and mentalizing (late response) components of empathy. The task involved the presentation of contextual information (painful vs. neutral sentences) and facial expressions (painful vs. neutral). An explicit dispositional empathy-related questionnaire was also administered to all participants, who were screened via neuropsychological battery tests that did not reveal potential cognitive deficits. Due to electrophysiological artefacts, data from 12 patients and 17 controls were finally included in the analyses. Results: Although patients and controls did not differ in terms of dispositional, explicit empathic self-ratings, notably conservative event-related potentials analyses (i.e., spatio-temporal permutation cluster analyses) showed a significantly greater experience-sharing neural response in patients compared to healthy controls in the Empathy-task when both contextual information and facial expressions were painful. Conclusion: The present study contributes to the characterization of the psychological profile of patients with spino-bulbar muscular atrophy, highlighting the peculiarities in enhanced neural responses underlying empathic reactions.

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The crucial role of Nachträglichkeit/après-coup (N/AC) in psychoanalytic psychology has been afforded lower consideration in the scientific literature than other relevant psychoanalytic constructs. No systematic reviews have been provided on this construct. We aimed at investigating the many facets of the psychoanalytic significance N/AC as addressed in the scientific literature, outlining its potential developments. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we selected peer-reviewed, indexed articles based on the psychoanalytic concept of N/AC in the scientific literature. The keywords we entered in Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing (PEP) were: Nachträglichkeit, après-coup, and psych*. Studies published between the 1950s and 2022 were considered. The initial database search yielded 600 results. After duplicates removal, 414 contributions were screened, of which 35 articles met the inclusion criteria. A metasynthesis of the latter revealed that N/AC is crucially involved in four different—albeit partially overlapping—domains, where N/AC respectively features as (a) a metapsychological construct explicative of the retroactive constitution of experience, (b) a cornerstone for the emergence of traumatic psychopathology, (c) a resource of the therapeutic process in clinical settings, and (d) a core facet of meaning-making processes involved in the constitution of memory. As a nonlinear, multidimensional process, N/AC is still recognized as a crucial concept in the scientific literature. Yet, no attempts were found, which investigated the phenomenon from an empirical standpoint. Based on the theoretical cues provided in the selected literature, future explorations of N/AC in terms of meaning-making processes and neuroscientific perspectives are suggested.