The ANTARES Neutrino Telescope was completed in May 2008 and is the first operational Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. The main purpose of the detector is to perform neutrino astronomy and the apparatus also offers facilities for marine and Earth sciences. This paper describes the design, the construction and the installation of the telescope in the deep sea, offshore from Toulon in France. An illustration of the detector performance is given. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Current and upcoming radio telescopes will map the spatial distribution of cosmic neutral hydrogen (H I) through its 21 cm emission. In order to extract the maximum information from these surveys, accurate theoretical predictions are needed. We study the abundance and clustering properties of H I at redshifts z5 using TNG100, a large state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic simulation of a 75h −1 Mpc box size, which is part of the IllustrisTNG Project. We show that most of the H I lies within dark matter halos, and we provide fits for the halo H I mass function, i.e.,the mean H I mass hosted by a halo of mass M at redshift z. We find that only halos with circular velocities larger than ;30km s −1 contain H I. While the density profiles of H I exhibit a large halo-to-halo scatter, the mean profiles are universal across mass and redshift. The H I in low-mass halos is mostly located in the central galaxy, while in massive halos the H I is concentrated in the satellites. Our simulation reproduces the bias value of damped Lyα systems from observations. We show that the H I and matter density probability distribution functions differ significantly. Our results point out that for small halos, the H I bulk velocity goes in the same direction and has the same magnitude as the halo peculiar velocity, while in large halos, differences show up. We find that halo H I velocity dispersion follows a power law with halo mass. We find a complicated H I bias, with H I already becoming nonlinear at k=0.3 h Mpc −1 at z3. The clustering of H I can, however, be accurately reproduced by perturbative methods. We find a new secondary bias by showing that the clustering of halos depends not only on mass but also on H I content. We compute the amplitude of the H I shot noise and find that it is small at all redshifts, verifying the robustness of BAO measurements with 21 cm intensity mapping. We study the clustering of H I in redshift space and show that linear theory can explain the ratio between the monopoles in redshift and real space down to 0.3, 0.5, and 1 h Mpc −1 at redshifts 3, 4, and 5, respectively. We find that the amplitude of the Fingers-of-God effect is larger for H I than for matter, since H I is found only in halos above a certain mass. We point out that 21 cm maps can be created from N-body simulations rather than full hydrodynamic simulations. Modeling the one-halo term is crucial for achieving percent accuracy with respect to a full hydrodynamic treatment. Although our results are not converged against resolution, they are, however, very useful as we work at the resolution where the model parameters have been calibrated to reproduce galaxy properties.

We use a large suite of N-body simulations to study departures from universality in halo abundances and clustering in cosmologies with non-vanishing neutrino masses. To this end, we study how the halo mass function and halo bias factors depend on the scaling variable σ 2 (M, z), the variance of the initial matter fluctuation field, rather than on halo mass M and redshift z themselves. We show that using the variance of the cold dark matter rather than the total mass field, i.e., σ 2 cdm (M, z) rather than σ 2 m (M, z), yields more universal results. Analysis of halo bias yields similar conclusions: When large-scale halo bias is defined with respect to the cold dark matter power spectrum, the result is both more universal, and less scale-or k-dependent. These results are used extensively in Papers I and III of this series.

Abstract. We update the ingredients of the Gaussian streaming model (GSM) for the redshift-space clustering of biased tracers using the techniques of Lagrangian perturbation theory, effective field theory (EFT) and a generalized Lagrangian bias expansion. After relating the GSM to the cumulant expansion, we present new results for the real-space correlation function, mean pairwise velocity and pairwise velocity dispersion including counter terms from EFT and bias terms through third order in the linear density, its leading derivatives and its shear up to second order. We discuss the connection to the Gaussian peaks formalism. We compare the ingredients of the GSM to a suite of large N-body simulations, and show the performance of the theory on the low order multipoles of the redshift-space correlation function and power spectrum. We highlight the importance of a general biasing scheme, which we find to be as important as higher-order corrections due to non-linear evolution for the halos we consider on the scales of interest to us.

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We analyse the clustering features of Large Scale Structures (LSS) in the presence of massive neutrinos, employing a set of large-volume, high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations, where neutrinos are treated as a separate collisionless fluid. The volume of 8 h −3 Gpc 3 , combined with a resolution of about 8 × 10 10 h −1 M for the cold dark matter (CDM) component, represents a significant improvement over previous N-body simulations in massive neutrino cosmologies. In this work we focus, in the first place, on the analysis of nonlinear effects in CDM and neutrinos perturbations contributing to the total matter power spectrum. We show that most of the nonlinear evolution is generated exclusively by the CDM component. We therefore compare mildly nonlinear predictions from Eulerian Perturbation Theory (PT), and fully nonlinear prescriptions (halofit) with the measurements obtained from the simulations. We find that accounting only for the nonlinear evolution of the CDM power spectrum allows to recover the total matter power spectrum with the same accuracy as the massless case. Indeed, we show that, the most recent version of the halofit formula calibrated on ΛCDM simulations can be applied directly to the linear CDM power spectrum without requiring additional fitting parameters in the massive case. As a second step, we study the abundance and clustering properties of CDM halos, confirming that, in massive neutrino cosmologies, the proper definition of the halo bias should be made with respect to the cold rather than the total matter distribution, as recently shown in the literature. Here we extend these results to the redshift space, finding that, when accounting for massive neutrinos, an improper definition of the linear bias can lead to a systematic error of about 1-2% in the determination of the linear growth rate from anisotropic clustering. This result is quite important if we consider that future spectroscopic galaxy surveys, as e.g. Euclid, are expected to measure the linear growth-rate with statistical errors less than about 3% at z 1.

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By using a suite of large box-size N-body simulations that incorporate massive neutrinos as an extra set of particles, with total masses of 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 eV, we investigate the impact of neutrino masses on the spatial distribution of dark matter haloes and on the distribution of galaxies within the haloes. We compute the bias between the spatial distribution of dark matter haloes and the overall matter and cold dark matter distributions using statistical tools such as the power spectrum and the two-point correlation function. Overall we find a scale-dependent bias on large scales for the cosmologies with massive neutrinos. In particular, we find that the bias decreases with the scale, being this effect more important for higher neutrino masses and at high redshift. However, our results indicate that the scale-dependence in the bias is reduced if the latter is computed with respect to the cold dark matter distribution only. We find that the value of the bias on large scales is reasonably well reproduced by the Tinker fitting formula once the linear cold dark matter power spectrum is used, instead of the total matter power spectrum. We also investigate whether scale-dependent bias really comes from purely neutrino's effect or from nonlinear gravitational collapse of haloes. For this purpose, we address the Ω ν -σ 8 degeneracy and find that such degeneracy is not perfect, implying that neutrinos imprint a slight scale dependence on the large-scale bias. Finally, by using a simple halo occupation distribution (HOD) model, we investigate the impact of massive neutrinos on the distribution of galaxies within dark matter haloes. We use the main galaxy sample in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) II Data Release 7 to investigate if the small-scale galaxy clustering alone can be used to discriminate among different cosmological models with different neutrino masses. Our results suggest that different choices of the HOD parameters can reproduce the observational measurements relatively well, and we quantify the difference between the values of the HOD parameters between massless and massive neutrino cosmologies. IntroductionNeutrinos are one of the most interesting and enigmatic particles of the particle standard model. Postulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to avoid the violation of energy, momentum and spin in the beta decay process, neutrinos were eventually detected in 1956 by Cowan and Reines [1]. Neutrinos have long been considered massless particles until the "oscillation" phenomenon, i.e. the change of flavor, was detected in the neutrinos produced within the sun [2]. The latest results that combine solar, atmospheric and reactor neutrinos allow to constrain the (squared) mass difference between the three neutrino mass eigenstates: m 2 12 = 7.5 × 10 −5 eV 2 and | m 2 23 | = 2.3 × 10 −3 eV 2 [3, 4]. From the theoretical side, it is of great interest to determine the absolute neutrino mass scale, since this may reveal physics beyond the particle standard model.From a cosmological point of view it is mandatory t...