Contrast effects occur when an individual judges a target stimulus as being further removed from its position on some dimension than it actually is, due to exposure to a context stimulus presenting an opposite value on this dimension. In assimilation effects, on the contrary, the reverse occurs such that judgment about the target is brought nearer to the context stimulus. The objective of this article is to verify whether assimilation and contrast can be observed in aesthetic evaluation of visual artworks. The results demonstrated that when the context stimulus was formally similar to one of two artworks used in the comparison (the target) but aesthetically slightly inferior to it, an assimilation effect was observed. In contrast, when the context stimulus was formally similar to the target but definitely of inferior aesthetic quality, a contrast effect was observed. These results demonstrate the impact of contextual factors on aesthetic judgment.When we judge the aesthetic value of an artifact, we analyze the inherent characteristics related to its sensory aspect, its history, and the cultural and symbolic meaning it conveys-especially if it is a work of art. However, we also make, maybe implicitly, comparisons with other artifacts. Comparisons in judgment are a central topic of psychological investigation, since it is well known that the characteristics, the number, or the ways of presenting competing alternatives are important contextual factors that influence our judgments (
“I myself still find my way of philosophizing new, & it keeps striking me so afresh, & that is why I have to repeat myself so often. […] [R]epetitions […] [f]or me […] are necessary.” (CV 1998: 3e) Wittgenstein's style is well known for its recursive—and according to some interpreters, even obsessive-compulsive—quality, but they are part of a thinking method: “I suggest repetition as a means of surveying the connections.” (AWL 1979: 43) The style also mirrors recurring ideas such as “concepts are not for use on a single occasion” (Z 1981: 568), or the “bustle (Getriebe) of life […] comes about only through constant repetition” (RPP 1980b: 625 – 626). The aim of this essay is to show how the notion of repetition (Wiederholung) plays a significant role in the evolution of Wittgenstein's thought. It is the manifestation of a philosophical praxis, and although the notion of repetition remains in the background, it is a constant presence in his production, often featuring alongside his best-known concepts, like rule following, aspect seeing, and his thoughts on music and mathematics. This article will examine the different ways in which Wittgenstein reflects on the question of repetition in relation to the idea of identity, variation, and diversity, and as a fundamental aspect of human practice that is not the mere manifestation of underlying rules or principles, but a necessary condition for their emergence.
Web data and computational models can play important roles in analyzing cultural trends. The current study presents an analysis of 23,492 sneaker images and metadata collected from a global reselling shop, StockX.com. Based on data encompassing 22 years from 1999 to 2020, we propose a sneaker design index that helps track changes in the design characteristics of sneakers using a contrastive learning method. Our data suggest that sneaker designs have been employing brighter colors and lower hue and saturation values over time. We also observe how popular brands have continued to build their unique identities in shape-related design space. The embedding analysis also predicts which sneakers will likely see a high premium in the reselling market, suggesting viable algorithmdriven investment and design strategies. The current work is one of the first publicly available studies to analyze product design evolution over a long historical period and has implications for the novel use of Web data to understand cultural patterns that are otherwise difficult to assess.
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