Background and Aim: Equine herpesvirus-1 infection in horses causes a wide range of manifestations affecting the respiratory tract. The virus can cause serious economic losses through sporadic abortion in pregnant mares, perinatal death, respiratory disease in young foals. This study was designed to prepare inactivated equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) vaccine using both 0.005 M binary ethylenimine (BEI) and 0.0006% formaldehyde (FA) to decrease the use of BEI and provide a good immunological response. The efficacy, safety, and duration of immunity of the prepared inactivated EHV-1 vaccine were evaluated.
Materials and Methods: The prepared FA/BEI-inactivated EHV-1 vaccine was adjuvanted with Alhydrogel and then evaluated by inoculation into guinea pigs, followed by comparison with the commercial inactivated EHV-1 vaccine. These two vaccines were evaluated by testing the safety and immunogenicity in horses classified into two groups. Group A was vaccinated with two doses of the prepared vaccine at a 4-week interval, while Group B was vaccinated with two doses of the commercial vaccine only. Anti-EHV-1 antibodies were detected in horse serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralizing test (VNT).
Results: Regarding the time required to inactivate EHV-1 vaccine, this was decreased using 0.005 M BEI and 0.0006% FA from 24 to 8 h. ELISA in Group A horses demonstrated a significant increase in EHV-1 antibody titer at 2 weeks after the booster dose compared with that for the pre-booster one, from 485 to 855 antibody titer, which then peaked at 1240 in the 3rd month post-vaccination; after that, it began to decline gradually until the 6th month. Meanwhile, in Group B, the ELISA reading increased from 420 to 790 and then peaked at 1215. The VNT mean in Group A increased from 1.1 to 2.5 within 2 weeks after administration of the booster dose, while in Group B it increased from 0.8 to 2.1. Moreover, ELISA in Group A pigs indicated mean antibody titers at the 3rd week post-inoculation of 576 for Group A and 554 for Group B.
Conclusion: The inactivated EHV-1 vaccine, with fewer chemicals, was prepared in a shorter time. It is safe and also more potent to protect horses for up to 6 months against EHV-1 infection than the commercially produced vaccine.
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is of the important common and important respiratory infectious diseases of horses. Vaccination can reduce the prevalence and severity of disease. In the current study, a trial to improve the strength and duration of immune response through using of montanide oil ISA 206, saponin and Mycobacterium pheli extract as adjuvants for an inactivated EIV [A/equine 2/Alexandria (1-2008) (H3N8)] vaccine. The vaccine was inactivated by 0.003M binary ethyleneimine at 37 o C for 18 hours. Safety and potency of the prepared vaccine were studied by inoculation into guinea pigs and horses then evaluated using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for humeral immune response. Cellular immune response evaluated in horses inoculated with inactivated EIV vaccine adjuvanted with Mycobacterium pheli extract using lymphocyte blastogenesis. The vaccine was safe and potent for guinea pigs and horses which inducing HI antibodies titer that persist for 10 months post-inoculation in vaccinated horses. EIV vaccine adjuvanted with montanide oil ISA 206 was more potent (antibody titer persisted up to 10 months) than the other vaccines adjuvanted either with saponin or Mycobacterium pheli extract. In conclusion, EIV vaccine adjuvanted with montanide oil ISA 206 can keep at 4 o C for over one year and at room temperature for 6 months without effect on its immunogenic characters.Equine influenza virus (H3N8)-Horses-.
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