Nitrogenous fertilizer has remarkably improved rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield across the world since its discovery by Haber-Bosch process. Due to climate change, future rice production will likely experience a wide range of environmental plasticity. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important trait to confer adaptability across various abiotic stresses such as flooding, drought and salinity. The problem with the increased N application often leads to a reduction in NUE. New solutions are needed to simultaneously increase yield and maximize the NUE of rice. Despite the differences among flooding, salinity and drought, these three abiotic stresses lead to similar responses in rice plants. To develop abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties, speed breeding seems a plausible novel approach. Approximately 22 single quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 58 pairs of epistatic QTLs are known to be closely associated with NUE in rice. The QTLs/genes for submergence (SUB1A) tolerance, anaerobic germination (AG, TPP7) potential and deepwater flooding tolerance (SK1, SK2) are identified. Furthermore, phytochrome-interacting factor-like14 (OsPIL14), or loss of function of the slender rice1 (SLR1) genes enhance salinity tolerance in rice seedlings. This review updates our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance and discusses possible approaches for developing N-efficient rice variety.
The experiment was conducted to study the early establishment osmotic stress of advanced deep water rice. Severe parameters such as percent germination, seedling height, and number of leaves, leaf length, node length, and root length were studied for in vitro study. This study was conducted by MS medium supplemented with two treatments of PEG (1% and 5% PEG) and control (0% PEG). For percent germination, Bazail, HBJ.A.IV, and Birpala showed better performance with control (0%) but Gabura and Lalkhama performed better in both T 1 (1% PEG) and T 2 ( 5% PEG). The genotype Gabura showed more seedling height under control and HBJ.A.IV with T 1 and T 2 . At 5% PEG, more number of leaves was found in BR5915-B-7, Gabura and Lalkhama. HBJ.A.IV and Lalkhama showed more leaf length and node length at T 2 . The genotype BR224-2B-2-5 was best and control and T 1 . But Birpala showed more root length at T 2 . The information generated in this study indicated that there is a close relationship between in vitro studies for the growth performance of the rice genotypes although significant variation was observed within the genotypes. Finally, the advanced genotype BR224-2B-2-5 may be a good source to meet the future challenge.
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