Purpose Establishment of the specifications and standards for successful radiotherapy treatments through identifying three objectives: administering the appropriate low-waste dose, developing dose-delivery skills and monitoring an earlier response to therapy. Methods The appropriate low-waste dose is administered via the work-energy principle, considering the interaction between the drug and the tumor as an isolated system. Then, chelated with any compound that could form a lipid-soluble complex with the radioactive metal ions, it is injected directly into the tumor via a multihole needle to improve the distribution of the injectate solution. This can be detected by monitoring the tumor response through newer imaging techniques that combine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with computed tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography (PET) with CT, so that nonresponding tumors can be identified early to modify the administered dose. Results The accuracy of estimating the initial effective radioactive dose depends on the equivalence of the growth energy of the tumor estimated from the CT scan and the decay energy of the effective radioactive dose. Besides earlier or more accurate assessment of the tumor response by PET with the glucose analogue 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG), this contributes to the most safe and low-cost successful treatment. This approach assessed the therapeutic significance of lipid-soluble compounds with the radioactive metal ions in protecting system isolation, which plays a major role in targeted tumor therapy. Conclusion Treatment success shows that the three identified objectives are completely dependent objectives. It should also be taken into consideration that radionuclide decay-generated Auger electrons may be more effective in very small tumors to avoid a cross dose.

Considerable research is aimed at determining the mechanism by which tumor cures, or regrows or second cancer develops, to be predictable and controllable. The wide range of doses, from low to very high, estimated statistically is responsible for such risks. A mathematical model is presented that describes both: the growth due to lower or over irradiated doses or the post therapy relapse of human cancer, and the shrinkage due to either of over irradiated doses, or appropriate irradiated doses. Simulations of the presented model showed that the initial tumor energy, administered dose energy, and their subsequent summation of tumor regrowth energy are always balanced with summation of Whole Body Cell Energy Burden during all treatment phases. Tumor regrows if its energy is higher than that of the dose, or if the increase of dose energy from that of the tumor is less than the one required to complete its shrinkage path. Patient-specific approaches that account for variations in tumor energies should enable more accurate dose estimates and, consequently, better protection against either lower or over irradiation that could lead to tumor regrowth and increase risks of second cancer.

The purpose of this study is optimizing the Larginine (L-Arg) doses on the basis of chemical structure in regional accessible tumor therapy to settle down a new protocol for the treatment of cancer.3 H-thymidine-based cell proliferation assay was performed in vitro on tumor cell lines of fibrosarcoma (FS), lymphosarcoma-ascitic and on normal cell line of NIH 3T3 after treatment with different concentrations of L-Arg in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The cultures were harvested after 22 h and the incorporated radioactivity was counted to identify their histologic grades as described in earlier studies. In vivo therapy of murine tumors was conducted where FS cells injected subcutaneously at ventro-lateral position of mice. Various drug delivery schedules were injected into the centre of tumor base, once a day for 4 days. Tumor diameter and survivals were monitored where the day of sacrifice was considered for monitoring the survival period. By identifying the histologic grades of the treated cultures in vitro and in vivo by different concentrations of L-Arg, the corresponding energy of such concentrations were determined. An efficient model with a good fit (R 2 = 0.98) was established to describe the energy yield by L-Arg dose. The equivalence between the tumor histologic grade and energy of the L-Arg dose delivered in saline (PBS) environment is the optimum condition for regional tumor therapy achieves higher survival rate. The selective cytotoxicity to tumor cells with minimal damage to normal cells by L-Arg due to its chemical structure suggests to be considered the most promising drug for regional therapy of the accessible tumors like breast cancers of early stage with no distant metastasis.

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Clinical staging model at the nanoscale (CSMN) has been performed on adenocarcinoma of the colon from five patients ranging in age from 57 to 76 years based on determining their malignant size, estimating their doubling time through imaging techniques, and thus by measuring the average of the tumor nanoparticle doubling time their histologic grade has been identified at the nanoscale. Another two pathologic staging models at the nanoscale PSM [H-3] N and PSM [C-14] N for evaluating the histologic grade have been performed on those tumors based on the in vitro measuring of cell proliferating of tumor slices by either of the [H-3] tritiated and [C-14] thymidine incorporation hypothesizing in PSM [H-3] N that the malignant fraction of the detected tumor is the unlabeled fraction of the tumor by the [H-3] tritiated thymidine, while positing in PSM [C-14] N that the percentage increase of the tumor nanoparticle doubling time than that of the normal tissue at the Natural Background Radiation is equivalent to the percentage deficit of [C-14] incorporation in tumor cells. The consistency of results of the three staging models has been analyzed using ANOVA. Identical histologic grades have been identified by the three staging models for tumors of early stages (p < 0.0001). While for those of advanced disease, evaluation of the histologic grade was identical by CSMN and PSM [H-3] N only (p < 0.0001), whereas was invalid by PSM [C-14] N.