The alarming rise in the quantity of malware in the past few years poses a serious challenge to the security community and requires urgent response. However, current countermeasures seem no longer to be effective. Thus, it is our belief that it is now time for researchers and security experts to turn to nature in the search for novel inspiration for defense systems. Nature has provided species with a whole range of offensive and defensive techniques, which have been developing and improving over the course of billions of years of evolution. Extremely diverse living conditions have promoted a large variation in the devised biosecurity solutions. In this article we introduce a novel Protection framework in which common denominators of the encountered offensive and defensive means are proposed and presented. The bio-inspired solutions are discussed in the context of cybersecurity, where some principles have already been adopted. The deployment of the whole nature-based framework should aid in the design and improvement of modern cyberdefense systems.
We study the problem of decoding secret messages encrypted by the GermanArmy with the M3 Enigma machine after September 15, 1938 IntroductionThe military Enigma machine was a portable electro-mechanical rotor encrypting machine used during the Second World War, mainly by the German military and government services. Beginning in 1932, Polish cryptologists (M. Rejewski, J. Różyc-ki, and H. Zygalski) systematically worked on decoding ciphers, constantly modified manners of generating secret messages, and modernized the construction of Enigma machines.The algorithms presented below can be used to decode messages transmitted after September 15, 1938. That day, the German service withdrew initial drum settings from tables of daily key settings and changed the manner of announcing message settings.The proposed plugboard algorithm is the authors' idea. The cryptologists could not guess the connections of the plugboard with this method within 20 minutes with the use of the technology of that time. They used various tricks that relied on knowledge of the German language. The presented algorithm does not depend on any language.The second algorithm is a reconstruction of Rejewski's bomb. This algorithm was assembled on the basis of information which had been found in the literature (mainly historical sources). Historians often make factual mistakes; therefore, ambiguouslydescribed facts were completed with the authors' observations. To get the total algorithm, we tested different possibilities and chose the ones which provided the proper result.The German service used different kinds of Enigma machines (also commercial), modified their construction, and changed the manner of generating secret messages. However, we are only interested in the M3 Enigma machine. For the reader's convenience, we described the construction, the parameters of this machine, and the manner of generating messages transmitted after September 15, 1938 in Appendix A. In Appendix B, we described the work of Polish cryptologists. These sections make up a brief survey of well-known information taken from publications [8,23,9,7,10,2,5,16]. We suggest reading Appendix A in the beginning to better understand the terms and facts that we use. These terms are denoted in this paper by *. In sections 3 and 5, we provide some mathematical facts concerning permutations and, in particular, 1-cycles (which are essential to understand the presented methods). In section 4, the reader can find a mathematical analysis of the M3 Enigma machine. Section 6 contains a description and justification of the plugboard algorithm (the authors' idea). In section 7, we provide a reconstruction of the bomb method. By means of these two algorithms, we can generate a complete daily key settings * ; i.e., the ring settings, the choice of drums, the order of drums, and the plugboard settings on the basis of a given set of messages intercepted after September 15, 1938. This allows us to read the encrypted messages. We enclose an implementation of both of these algorithms in Cpp ...
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