Resumo -O estudo analisa as relações entre pobreza rural e degradação ambiental, tendo como área de estudo os municípios de Machadinho e Maximiliano de Almeida, na região Noroeste do RS. Com base nas entrevistas com 48 agricultores, foi formado um banco de dados, contemplando vários indicadores sócio-econômicos e ambientais. Foram estimados diversos modelos não-lineares de regressão (probit), tendo variáveis binárias como dependentes, expressando a degradação ambiental, e os diversos indicadores sócio-econômicos como variáveis independentes, expressando as situações de pobreza rural. Os principais resultados sugerem a refutação da hipótese de que pobreza rural e degradação ambiental estão diretamente relacionadas.1 Este artigo foi elaborado como parte do projeto "Políticas públicas, agricultura familiar e pobreza rural no Rio Grande do Sul", financiado pela
The complexity of the relationship between society and the environment is recognized by researchers and practitioners as a major challenge. This article examines how the type of political regime, the degree of political freedom and civil rights, and the level of income concentration relates to environmental performance as measured by the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). The analysis is based on a sample of 161 countries and covers the period 2007-2016, using a fixed effects panel data model. Our findings suggest that democracy as a political regime does not necessarily induce greater commitment to environmental issues. Lower income inequality offers the same results. However, a positive association was found between the expansion of rights and freedoms and the EPI, suggesting that freer countries tend to have better environmental performance. Given the multiplicity of profiles in terms of the nature and depth of democracy and inequality, our study suggest parsimony with more generalist analyses.
Summary
Nearly one in six people in Brazil live in rural areas, representing a diverse population facing a variety of challenges that often differ from their urban counterparts. Access to basic food and the alleviation of poverty are key issues in many rural communities and this article provides an overview of the scope of public policies designed to improve food security and support poverty reduction in rural areas of Brazil. In particular we discuss actions implemented since 2003 under Brazil's Zero Hunger Program. The context for this important programme is described by reporting various indicators of poverty and food insecurity used for both rural and urban areas in Brazil. We argue that Brazil has been successful in reducing rural poverty and in improving the nutritional status of many people living in rural areas and that the Zero Hunger Program has played a significant role in achieving these positive outcomes. However, although poverty and hunger have been considerably reduced in the last decade, and there have been important improvements in rural areas, there is still a long way to go before Brazil can claim to have eliminated poverty and hunger.
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