The features obtained in this study can potentially contribute to the neuroelectrical understanding and clinical diagnosis of ADHD.
ÖZETAmaç: İşitsel Sözel Öğrenme Testi (Auditory Verbal Learning Test: AVLT) nöropsikoloji yazınında, belleğin kapsamlı değerlendirilmesi için sıklıkla kullanılan bir ölçüm aracıdır. Test sözel öğrenmeyi; anlık ve gecikmeli serbest hatırlama, tanıma türü hatırlama, geriye ve ileri doğru bozucu etki olarak ölçmektedir. Türk toplumuna uyarlama çalışmaları yapılmış olan AVLT'nin araştırma ve geliştirme (AR-GE) çalışmaları sürmektedir. Mevcut çalışmanın amacı; testin AR-GE sürecine katkı sağlamak amacıyla kurutlu geçerliğini incelemektir. Yöntem:Mevcut amaç doğrultusunda 20-69 yaş aralığında, tanılanmış herhangi bir psikiyatrik veya nörolojik rahatsızlığın bulunmayan; düzel-tilmemiş görme ve işitme bozukluğu bulunmayan 78 sağlıklı katılım-cıdan veriler elde edilmiştir. AVLT bu testi uygulama eğitimi almış iki psikolog tarafından, katılımcılara bireysel olarak uygulanmıştır. Bulgular:AVLT puanlarının temsil ettikleri özellik kümelerini incelemek amacıyla uygulanan temel bileşenler analizi, testin yapısıyla uyumlu olarak öğrenme ve serbest hatırlama, tanıma türü hatırlama bileşen-lerini ayrı ayrı içermiştir. Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) çalışmasında ise bu iki bileşene çeldiricilerin etkisi eklenmiştir. Yaş, eğitim ve cinsiyetin AVLT puanlarıyla ilişkisini belirlemek amacıyla, betimsel düzeyde incelemeler yapılmıştır.Sonuç: Belleğin gelişimsel süreçten etkilendiği yolundaki yazınla uyumlu olan bu bulgular AVLT'nin öğrenme/serbest hatırlama, tanıma ve çeldirici puanlarının kuramsal bilgiyle uyumlu bir bileşen örüntüsü gös-terdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuç Türk toplumunda testin, geçerli bir ölçme aracı olduğuna işaret etmektedir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Rey İşitsel Sözel Öğrenme Testi, standardizasyon, serbest hatırlama, tanıma, yapı geçerliği SUMMARY Construct Validity of Auditory Verbal Learning TestObjective: Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) is frequently used in neuropsychology literature to comprehensively assess the memory. The test measures verbal learning as immediate and delayed free recall, recognition, and retroactive and proactive interference. Adaptation of AVLT to the Turkish society has been completed, whereas research and development studies are still underway. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the construct validity of the test in order to contribute to the research and development process. Method:In line with this purpose, the research data were obtained from 78 healthy participants aged between 20 and 69. The exclusion criteria included neurological and/or psychiatric disorders as well as untreated auditory/visual disorders. AVLT was administered to participants individually by two trained psychologists.Results: Principal component analysis that is used to investigate the components represented by the AVLT scores consisted of learning, free recall and recognition, in line with the construct of the test. Distractors were also added to these two components in structural equation model. Analyses were carried out on descriptive level to establish the relatioships between age, education...
The aim was to investigate whether gender is a causative factor in the gamma status according to which some individuals respond with time-locked, early gamma response, G+, while the others do not show this response, G-. The sample consisted of 42 volunteer participants (between 19 and 37 years of age with at least 9 years of education). There were 22 females and 20 males. Data were collected under the oddball paradigm. Auditory stimulation (10 ms r/f time, 50 ms duration, 65 dB SPL) consisted of target (2000 Hz; p = .20) stimuli that occurred randomly within a series of standard stimuli (1000 Hz; p = .80). Gamma responses were studied in the amplitude frequency characteristics, in the digitally filtered event-related potentials (f-ERPs) and in the distributions which were obtained using the recently developed time-frequency component analysis (TFCA) technique. Participants were classified into G+ and G- groups with a criterion of full agreement between the results of an automated gamma detection technique and expert opinion. The 2 x 2 x 2 ANOVA on f-ERPs and 2 x 2 x 2 multivariate ANOVA on TFCA distributions showed the main effect of gamma status and gender as significant, and the interaction between gamma status and gender as nonsignificant. Accordingly, individual difference in gamma status is a reliable phenomenon, but this does not depend on gender. There are conflicting findings in the literature concerning the effect of gender on ERP components (N100, P300). The present study showed that if the gamma status is not included in research designs, it may produce a confounding effect on ERP parameters.
The goal of the study was to investigate the gamma response of the brain and its functional correlates in rapid eye movements (REM) sleep and the three stages of non-REM sleep. Data on overnight sleep were acquired from 16 healthy, young adult, volunteer males. Neuroelectric activity was recorded from seven recording sites (Fz, Cz, Pz, F3, F4, P3, P4) in response to auditory stimuli (2000 Hz deviant and 1000 Hz standard stimuli: 65 dB, 10 ms r/f time, 50 ms duration) under passive oddball paradigm. Data were analyzed with the Fourier transform and digital filtering and also the recently developed technique of time-frequency component analysis (TFCA). TFCA displayed the gamma response under all stages of sleep. Statistical analysis did not reveal a significant effect of stimulus type, recording site or sleep stage on the three parameters of TFCA, which included maximum value of the time-frequency representation of the extracted gamma component, maximum magnitude of the time-domain representation of the component and the energy of this component. The gamma period included N1 and the early theta response, both of which are related to sensory-perceptual processing in the literature. According to these findings, the gamma response is possibly related, as in wakefulness, to early stimulus processing that also includes sensory/perceptual operations.
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