Digital X-ray detectors are required in different sciences and applications, however many high quality devices are expensive although high-resolution images are not always required. We present an easy way to build a detector capable of forming X-ray digital images and video with a very large area (18×18 cm2). The detector is formed by three main components: scintillator, optics lenses and CCD sensor. Basically, the device converts the X-rays into visible light which is then collected by the CCD sensor. The scintillator is Gadox type, from Carestream®, 18×18 cm2, regular type, lambda 547 nm. The optics lenses are generic, with manual focus and widely visual field. The CCD sensor has a size of 1/3″, 752 × 582 pixels, monochrome, 20 FPS, 12 bits ADC and pixel size of 3.8 μm. With the built detector and an X-ray source, we formed an X-ray imaging detection system to generate digital radiographs of biological or inert objects-examples are given-, as well as real-time X-ray video. Additionally, the spatial resolution limit was measured in terms of Modulation Transfer Function by the method of opaque edge from a lead sheet with a result of 1.1 Lp/mm. Finally using a filter, the focal spot of the X-ray source is measured, resulting in a diameter of 0.9 mm (FWHM).
En este trabajo se presenta un resumen de una diversidad de desarrollos tecnológicos en los sistemas híbridos para la propulsión automotriz. Para ello, se buscaron en Google Scholar palabras clave como propulsión híbrida, autos eléctricos y conversión a híbrido. En total, se consiguieron cerca de 100 documentos publicados entre 1978 y 2018. En los datos recabados, se encontró que los sistemas de propulsión híbridos (gasolina y electricidad) presentan cinco áreas que describen el desarrollo tecnológico: unidad de potencia; sistema de control de potencia; sistema de almacenamiento de energía; estructura o arquitectura del tren motriz, y sistema para regenerar energía. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de vehículos eléctricos e híbridos aún requiere de mayor desarrollo para igualar o superar el desempeño y las características de los vehículos de MCI. Para lograrlo, se debe hacer énfasis en mejorar el sistema de almacenamiento de energía para alcanzar mayores recorridos por carga, así como incrementar la densidad de energía (kW/peso), reducir los costos, prolongar los ciclos de cargas y disminuir el tiempo de recarga.
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