An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the mathematical modelling of the magnetorheological (MR) damper featuring annular radial gap on its valve. The experiment was conducted using a fatigue dynamic test machine under particular excitation frequency and amplitude to get force-velocity and force-displament characteristics. Meanwhile, the mathematical modelling was done using quasi-steady modelling approach. Simulation using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference (ANFIS) Algorithm (Gaussian and Generalized Bell) were also carried out to portray the damping force-displacement modelling that is used to compare with the experimental results. The experimental characteristics show that amplitudes excitation and current input affect the result damping force value. The comparison of the experimental and mathematical results presented in this paper shows a significant difference in damping force value and that the quasi-steady modelling could not significantly approach the damping force-velocity results. Moreover, the semi-active damper is compared to the passive damper. The results show that a semi-active damper performs better than a passive damper because it only requires a little power. Based on the damping force-displacement modelling, it can be seen that Gaussian has a higher accuracy rather than Generalized Bell. Discussion on the energy dissipation and equivalent damping coefficient were also accomodated in this paper. Having completed in mathematical modelling and simulation, the damper would be ready for further work in-vehicle application that is development of control system.
The MR damper is well-known for its hysteresis characteristic, which needs to be modeled accurately to describe the MR damper's original state. Modeling with conventional calculations is considered less effective for MR damper because it has a very high nonlinearity. One of the modeling methods chosen is Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), using two types of membership functions: Gaussian and Generalized Bell. Overall, the results showed that Gaussian had an accuracy about 1% higher than Generalized Bell. It can be considered in future studies to model the MR damper and designing a control system.
Mufflers are an essential part of the engine system and commonly used in the exhaust system to minimize sound transmissions caused by exhaust flow. The primary objective of a muffler is to reduce engine noise emission. Mufflers have a sophisticated design that affects fuel efficiency, noise characteristics and emission of engine. In the selection of a muffler for an internal combustion engine of a Formula SAE, several functional requirements should be considered, which include both acoustic and non-acoustical design issues. Attention must also be given to problems of space availability and configuration. The best material for the purpose must be chosen. Equally important is the most economical utilization of this material, both from the standpoint of original availability and cost, as well as the practical aspect of ease of production. Not only the basic acoustical design but also some of the problems of fabrication and attachment will be discussed.
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