Vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a public health focus in recent years and patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) reportedly have a high prevalence of the condition. Our objectives were to summarize definitions of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency used in the literature, and to determine the prevalence and magnitude of each in patients with SCD through a systematic review conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. From a PubMed search, 34 potential articles were identified and 15 met eligibility criteria for inclusion. Definitions of deficiency and insufficiency varied greatly across studies making direct comparisons difficult. This review provides evidence to suggest that suboptimal vitamin D levels are highly prevalent among those with SCD, far more so than in comparable non-SCD patients or matched control populations. Defining deficiency as vitamin D <20ng/mL, prevalence estimates in SCD populations range from 56.4% to 96.4%. When compared with results from the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, however, the general African American population appeared to have a similarly high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. African American patients with and without SCD were both substantially higher than that of Caucasians. What remains to be determined is whether there are adverse health effects for patients with SCD because of concurrent vitamin D deficiency.
BackgroundGlenoid loosening remains one of the most common concerns at mid- to long-term follow-up after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Pegged and keeled designs have been compared at short-term follow-up, but few studies have compared outcomes at mid-term follow-up. Our purpose was to compare minimum 5-year outcomes of pegged and keeled cemented, all-polyethylene glenoids in TSA. The hypothesis was that no difference in functional outcomes or loosening would be found between the 2 components.MethodsWe performed a multicenter retrospective study of TSAs with either a pegged or keeled cemented glenoid. At a minimum of 5 years postoperatively, functional outcomes and radiographic loosening were compared.ResultsForty-seven TSAs were available for follow-up, including 20 pegged and 27 keeled components, at a mean of 79 months (range, 60-114 months) postoperatively. Overall, functional outcomes improved in both groups from preoperatively to postoperatively, and no difference was found between the 2 groups. Radiographic glenoid loosening (score ≥ 3) was observed in 9 of 27 keeled glenoids (33.3%) compared with 5 of 20 pegged glenoids (25%) (P = .54). Loosening was associated with lower postoperative forward flexion (P = .026), lower American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (P = .030), and higher visual analog scale pain scores (P = .007).ConclusionRadiographic glenoid loosening of a cemented, all-polyethylene component was associated with decreased functional outcomes at minimum 5-year follow-up of TSAs. However, this study showed no difference in loosening rates between keeled and pegged components.
Background The purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and range of motion (ROM) measurements between patients achieving and failing to achieve a Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) to determine which PRO questions and ROM measurements were the primary drivers of poor outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of a multicenter database identified 301 patients who had undergone primary TSA between 2015 and 2018 with ROM and PRO data recorded preoperatively and at a minimum of two years postoperatively. The primary outcome was the difference in active ROM between patients achieving and failing to achieve the PASS threshold for the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scores. The secondary outcome was the difference in self-reported pain levels between those achieving and failing to achieve a PASS. Results Based on the ASES PASS threshold, 87% (261/301) of patients achieved a PASS after TSA, whereas 13% did not. Based on the SANE PASS threshold, 69% (208/301) of patients achieved a PASS after TSA, whereas 31% did not. Patients who failed to achieve a PASS after TSA were younger and had lower short form-12 mental health scores than those who did. There was a significant difference in pain between those who achieved and failed to achieve a PASS after TSA (ASES PASS current shoulder pain 16.5% vs. 95%, P < .001, SANE PASS current shoulder pain 13% vs. 58.1%, P < .001). Those failing to reach a PASS had significantly higher pain levels (ASES PASS Visual Analog Scale pain scores [4.2 vs. 0.4, P < .001] and SANE PASS Visual Analog Scale pain scores [2.0 vs. 0.4, P < .001]) and worse function in nearly all domains of the ASES and Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder index after surgery. There was little difference in ROM between those reaching and failing to reach a PASS (no difference in active external rotation with the arm adducted, active internal rotation at the nearest spinal level, or active internal rotation with the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees for ASES and SANE PASS). Conclusion There is variability in the percentage of patients who achieve a PASS after TSA, ranging from 69% to 87% depending on the PRO used to define the threshold. Patients who did not achieve a PASS after TSA were significantly more likely to have pain, whereas there were very few differences in ROM, indicating pain as the primary driver of failing to achieve a PASS. Setting realistic postoperative expectations for pain relief may be important for improving patient-reported results after TSA.
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