The recent surge in envy research has brought with it a line of inquiry differentiating between “benign” and “malicious” envy. “Benign” envy involves the motivation to improve the self, leading to socially desirable reactions. “Malicious” envy involves the motivation to harm the envied other, leading to socially undesirable reactions. We suggest that studying “benign” and “malicious” envy involves confounding envy with its outcomes, which causes confusion and impairs the understanding of envy. We discuss the roots of this differentiation, the theoretical and methodological challenges it involves, and its negative ramifications for envy research. We provide theory and findings showing that envy, conceptualized and measured as a unitary construct, can lead to a wide range of reactions, both socially desirable and undesirable, depending on personal and situational moderators. Therefore, we believe the distinction between “benign” and “malicious” envy is unwarranted and advocate for the use of envy as a unitary construct.

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fwst published in 1979). That such a new enterprise is proposed testifies to the vigor of infectious diseases expertise as a relative value. The book's 323 contributors are nearly all from major academic and government research centers. Appropriately, the strength of this book lies in its clear account of the scientific basis for clinical events and their management. Its scheme involves introductory sections on history, pathogenesis, host factors, epidemiology, diagnosis, pharmacology and prevention. The main part of the book is divided into a clinical section, which approaches infections by body system, and a section that discusses individual microorganisms. The clinical section includes good descriptions of specific infections, with special attention to pathogenesis. The microbiology of each agent is discussed in detail sufficient to include classification, fermentation reactions, serology, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, mode of replication and genetic structure. In many cases the same authors have written the corresponding clinical and microbiological chapters, so very little redundancy is seen. Numerous tables and illustrations supplement the text, and classic as well as controversial points are well referenced. The index contains abbreviations and full-text entries, and only a few "see" entries require chasing from page to page.I found the individual articles outstanding in their content and readability. A particular strength is the thoroughness with which host aspects of pathogenesis are discussed. Many of the authors are well-known investigators in the subjects about which they write. Indeed, the scientific detail in some microbiology articles approaches the frontiers of current research. The book's weakness may be at the end of the knowledge spectrum

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