As part of the Canadian Wildlife Service monitoring of great blue herons in British Columbia, eggs were collected from three colonies with low, intermediate, and high levels of PCDD and PCDF contamination: Nicomekl, Vancouver, and Crofton, respectively. One egg from each nest was used for chemical analysis by GC-MS; the others were hatched. Liver microsomes were prepared from the heron chicks and used for determination of cytochrome P-450-dependent activities. No erythromycin N-demethylase activity was found in any sample. Ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity in the Nicomekl group was similar to that in pigeons, a control altricial species. The ethoxyresorufin activity in the herons from the Crofton colony was 2.6-fold higher than in the Nicomekl group. The Vancouver colony was intermediate. No difference among the three heron colonies was found in pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity, although levels were 20-33 times that in the pigeon. Chemical analysis was carried out on paired heron eggs. Vancouver and Crofton eggs contained 13.5 and 21 times the levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD compared to the Nicomekl group. The Crofton eggs contained higher levels of several other contaminants also. A highly significant correlation (p less than .001) was found between ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase and 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations. The correlation coefficient did not change when ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase was compared to total chemical contamination using several toxic equivalency factors. Multiple regression analysis resulted in only one predictor variable for ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase: 2,3,7,8-TCDD.

The Canadian Wildlife Service monitors levels of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons in great blue heron (Ardea herodias) eggs in British Columbia as indicators of environmental contamination. The present project assessed the temporal effects of environmental contamination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) on hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities and several morphological parameters in heron hatchlings. Between 1990 and 1992, eggs were collected from two great blue heron colonies in British Columbia that had elevated levels of contamination in 1988: Vancouver in 1990 and 1992, and Crofton in 1991. Biological parameters in the hatchlings and chemical contaminant levels in matched eggs from the same clutch were measured and compared with the findings from the same colonies studied in 1988. Levels of TCDD and other PCDDs and PCDFs had decreased significantly in both colonies since 1988. A concomitant decrease in EROD activity and incidence of chick edema, increase in body weight, and improvement of the reproductive success of the Crofton colony was observed. Body, yolk-free body, stomach, and intestine weights, tibia wet, dry, and ash weights, and tibia length regressed negatively on TCDD level (p < .01; n = 54). Hepatic EROD activity regressed positively on TCDD level (r2 = .49; p = .00005; n = 54). Regression of these parameters on the sum of TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQ) resulted in similar relationships. The reduction in severity of the effects observed in the contaminated colonies in the recent collections, accompanied by the declines in levels of PCDDs and PCDFs, was consistent with the dose-response relationships determined in 1988.

The present project assessed the effect of environmental contamination with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) on hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities and morphological parameters in matched double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) hatchlings from egg clutches chosen for chemical analysis. Double-crested cormorant eggs were collected from five colonies across Canada, with differing levels of contamination. Levels of contamination expressed in sum of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-toxic equivalents (TCDD-toxic equivalents or TEQ, ng/kg egg; mean +/- SEM) were: Saskatchewan, 250 +/- 50; Chain Islands, 672 +/- 73; Christy Islet, 276 +/- 14; Crofton, 131, n = 1; and Lake Ontario, 1606 +/- 118. In the hatchlings, hepatic EROD activities (pmol/min/mg protein; mean +/- SEM) were: Saskatchewan, 283 +/- 42; Chain Islands, 516 +/- 98; Christy Islet, 564 +/- 91; Crofton, 391 +/- 52; and Lake Ontario, 2250 +/- 156. Hepatic microsomal EROD activity (pmol/min/mg protein) regressed positively on TEQ (r2 = .69; p < .00005; n = 25). Yolk weight (g) regressed negatively on TEQ (r2 = .44; p = .00005). Wing length (mm) regressed negatively on PCB-169 (r2 = .28; p = .007). Monospecific antibodies raised against rat cytochrome P-450 1A1 recognized a protein in the hepatic microsomes of the double-crested cormorant, and also in those of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias), using immunoblotting. The intensity of the stained band increased with increased EROD activity, supporting the assumption that ethoxyresorufin is a suitable substrate for avian cytochrome P-450 1A1. These results validate the use of avian hepatic microsomal EROD activity as an index of cytochrome P-450 1A1 induction by environmental levels of polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and as a useful screening tool to determine the extent of exposure to such chemicals. Furthermore, the induction of cytochrome P-450 1A1 observed in the cormorant indicates that the Ah receptor-mediated process, by which TCDD and related chemicals exert many of their toxicities, has been activated.

Leach’s storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa populations in the North Atlantic have declined in recent decades. The cause of those declines is not clear but one potential contributing factor could be reductions in the availability of essential nutrients due to changing marine ecology resulting from global warming. One group of particular concern is the omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs), in particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Dietary sources of EPA and DHA are required for normal growth and development in higher consumers, including birds. However, previous work has predicted increases in sea surface temperatures may cause declines in their availability. Here, we investigate this possibility by examining temporal trends (1992-2015) in EPA and DHA concentrations in Leach’s storm-petrel eggs from 5 Canadian colonies: 2 on the Atlantic coast (Gull, Kent Islands) and 3 on the Pacific coast (Hippa, Storm, Cleland Islands). Neither EPA nor DHA concentrations in eggs decreased with time on either coast; rather, on the Atlantic coast, both EPA and DHA increased over the period of study. Carbon stable isotopes in the same eggs indicated that storm-petrels foraging in offshore, pelagic waters may have had increased access to n-3 HUFA. The data generated here provide a baseline for future comparisons. Ongoing regular monitoring of fatty acids in seabird eggs would be prudent given the likelihood of further increases in ocean temperatures.