Specific medical findings associated with reasons for placement provide health professionals with additional information to assess more accurately the health care needs of children entering foster care. As important, screening tests revealed high rates of vision problems and exposures to tuberculosis, warranting earlier and more comprehensive screening. Finally, children who have endured variations of neglect or failed placement may have more health problems than anticipated previously.

Since the first drug court in Miami in 1989, the drug court movement has spread throughout the United States, influencing how drug-involved offenders are treated in the criminal justice system. This paper reports on an outcome evaluation of a drug court in San Mateo County, California. Arrest rates were compared for drug court participants (N=618) and non-participants (N=75), and for graduates (N=257) and non-graduates (N=361). Factors associated with rearrest were assessed for participants in both groups. During a two-year follow-up period, there were no significant differences in rearrest rates between the participant and non-participant groups. Comparisons between graduates and non-graduates showed lower rearrest rates for graduates (19% vs. 53%, χ(2)(1)=73.5, p<0.01). In a model including participants and non-participants, only a prior history of conviction predicted an increased likelihood of rearrest whereas being female and older decreased the likelihood of rearrest. In addition, among drug court participants only, graduating decreased the likelihood of rearrest.

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Drug courts have been in existence since 1989, yet few process evaluations have appeared in the literature to help inform the discussion about their effectiveness. This article reports findings from a process evaluation of a drug court program in San Mateo, California. The evaluation was designed to document the history of the program, to examine program strengths and areas of improvement, to assess the roles and relationships among the various agencies involved and to describe the impact of the drug court on the justice and drug treatment systems. Methods included review of available drug court program documents, interviews with key stakeholders, and focus groups with drug court participants. The main findings were: support for the continuation of drug court, enhanced collaboration among all agencies, and an increased awareness of the needs of substance-using clients in the criminal justice system. Potential lessons for other drug courts include the importance of building strong collaborations and maintaining good communication, recognizing competing interests in developing procedures for drug court, and considering changes in eligibility criteria as experience with the drug court model expands.

Over the past two decades, drug courts have emerged as a viable alternative for addressing drug cases within the criminal justice system. In California, the Drug Court Partnership Program (DCPP) was created in 1998 and has supported and funded the development of drug courts throughout the State. This article reports on a review of California drug court evaluations through January 2000 conducted as part of an evaluation of the California DCPP. A total of 23 evaluations were collected. Seventeen were reviewed in detail, and six were excluded because they were internal reports rather than evaluations. A standardized review process was initiated which led to a scored rating of the evaluation reports. Results of this review support previous findings that drug court participants may experience reduced rearrest rates by 11% to 14% compared to nonparticipants. The largest reduction in rearrest rates appears among graduates. The graduation rates were between 19% and 54%. Costs and savings associated with drug courts were discussed but no conclusions were possible based on the findings from these evaluations. The evaluation of the effectiveness of drug courts presents unique challenges. This review concludes with a discussion of evaluation methods (e.g. standardizing rate calculations, term definitions) that would strengthen drug court research.

This study retrospectively explored drug treatment utilization before, during and after pregnancy for all identified substance-using women delivering at a county hospital over a 4-year period (n=431). Drug treatment data were linked to hospital data to analyse treatment utilization. Fifty-three per cent received treatment the year before, during, or within the year after delivery, with a significantly higher proportion receiving treatment during and after pregnancy. There were significant increases in methadone and residential treatment services during pregnancy. Women spent significantly more time in treatment after delivery compared with before or during pregnancy. However, 47% of these women did not receive drug treatment. These findings support current literature suggesting that pregnancy presents an opportunity to engage women in treatment. However, there is a need to decrease the institutional, legal, and funding barriers that exist between health care and drug treatment providers. Utilizing available data to track perinatal substance use and treatment utilization are important to plan for adequate availability of treatment services for this population.

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