Mycoplasmas require an external source of sterol for growth. For Mycoplasma capicolum this requirement is met not only by cholesterol but also by the methylcholestane derivatives lanosterol, cycloartenol, 4, imethylcholesterol, and 43-methylcholestanol. Cholesteryl methyl ether and 3a-methylcholestanol serve equally well as sterol supplements. None of the growth-supporting sterol derivatives tested was metabolically modified. The unusual acceptance of diverse cholestane derivatives by a mycoplasma species contrasts with the structural attributes thought to be necessary for sterol function in eukaryotic membranes. Mycoplasma species [order Mycoplasmatales; family Mycoplasmataceae (1)] require an external sterol source for growth (2, 3), a nutritional dependence not found elsewhere among prokaryotes. Plant and animal sterols meet this requirement, and so do certain sterol derivatives, provided they contain the cholestane ring system (A/B trans), an unsubstituted equatorial hydroxyl group, and a branched aliphatic side chain eight or more carbon atoms in length (4, 5). Similar structural features appear to be necessary for regulatory functions (e.g., solute permeability and viscosity) of sterols in biological or artificial membranes (6). We describe here the growth response of Mycoplasma capricolum to a variety of previously untested sterols and biogenetically related substances. Our results show that the "sterol" specificity for M. capricolum growth is surprisingly broad. EXPERIMENTAL M. capricolum (California Kid strain 14, ATCC 27342) was kindly supplied by M. W. Grabowsky. Cells were grown on modified Edward medium (1). The PPLO-serum fraction was omitted and replaced by fatty acid-poor bovine serum albumin (Sigma, 5 mg/ml). Other additions were palmitic acid (5 ,g/ml) and elaidic acid (6.5 ,ug/ml). Sterols and other test compounds were dissolved in ethanol and added to the growth medium in the quantities indicated in the figure legends. Cells were grown in air in a 370 water bath without shaking. Growth was determined by measuring the optical density of the cultures at 640 nm. Initially the pH values of the culture media were 8.0, they declined with time as a function of cell density. Typically, in a culture grown on 10 gg of cholesterol per ml the optical density rose from 0.04 to 0.42 and the pH fell concurrently to 6.2. In some experiments (not shown) the Difco heart infusion broth, Difco Bacto-peptone, and the Difco yeast extract components of the modified Edward medium were delipidated by extraction with chloroform/methanol, 2:1 by volume. Delipidation did not significantly affect the growth response of mycoplasma to the various test compounds. For isolation of unsaponifiable fractions, cells were harvested at mid to late logarithmic phase by centrifugation at 12,000 X g for 15 min at 40. Resuspended pellets were washed once with 0.25 M NaCl, recentrifuged, and extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1). Lipid extracts were saponified with 3 M KOH (1 hr at 70), and the nonsaponifiable materials were...
During the 30-month period from March 1, 1988, through August 31, 1990, image-guided aspirations of 183 solitary occult breast masses, which were considered possible cysts, were performed. Indications for aspiration included (1) mass on mammography, either invisible on ultrasonography or with features atypical of a cyst, in 111 patients; (2) enlarging solitary mass on mammography with ultrasonic features suggesting a cyst in 45 patients; and (3) mammographic mass with features typical of a cyst in 27 patients, with confirmation requested by the referring physician. Of the group, 151 (83%) lesions were fluid-filled and 32 (17%) were solid. All aspirates had normal cytologic features. Of the 32 aspirates found to be solid, 19 were subsequently removed after wire localization and 13 were unchanged on mammography for a minimum of 6 months after aspiration. This is a simple and safe procedure, confirming the innocuous nature of an occult solitary breast cyst, and obviates the need for surgical biopsy.
Selective suppression of silicone or fat with chemical shift-selective (CHESS) pulses is difficult because of the small chemical shift difference between the primary lipid signal and the primary silicone signal at 1.5 T. Differentiation of these chemically distinct species is, however, an important clinical task in assessing implant rupture and silicone migration in breast tissue. A method uniquely suited for silicone-fat differentiation with fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences is reported. It is based on the dependence of fat signal on echo spacing in FSE imaging and results show that it may provide a clinically robust method for silicone-fat differentiation in magnetic resonance imaging of the breast.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.