Results reflect similar cognitive and social responsiveness profiles and trajectories across groups with children with 22q11DS being more at risk for growing into a social deficit. We recommend repeated monitoring of social skills development to adapt the environmental demands to the child's individual social capacities.

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Our aim was to investigate the relationship between the various histopathological features and the CT and MRI findings in routinely submitted histopathological specimens for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Twelve formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from ten patients who were clinically suspected of having tuberculous lymphadenopathy were evaluated. We assessed the presence of histopathological features including granuloma formation, caseous necrosis, and presence of Langhans-type giant cells, calcifications, fibrosis or normal lymphoid tissue. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for mycobacterial DNA and Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Findings were compared with those of CT and MRI, including signal intensities on unenhanced MR images, lymph node homogeneity, attenuation values on contrast-enhanced CT and enhancement patterns on MRI. Based on CT and MRI findings, four lymph node types could be defined: (1) homogeneous nodes, visible on both pre- and post-contrast images and corresponding histopathologically to granulation tissue without or with minimal caseation necrosis (n = 2); (2) heterogeneous nodes, showing heterogeneous enhancement patterns with central non-enhancing areas and corresponding to minor or moderate intranodal caseation/liquefaction necrosis (n = 3); (3) nodes showing peripheral rim enhancement and corresponding to moderate or extensive intranodal caseation/liquefaction necrosis (n = 5); (4) heterogeneous nodes showing intranodal hyperdensities on CT and hypointense areas on T1- and T2-weighted images and corresponding to fibrosis and calcifications (n = 2). On CT and MRI, the findings reflect different stages of the tuberculous process. Imaging findings depend on the presence and the degree of granuloma formation, caseation/liquefaction necrosis, fibrosis and calcifications.

Background Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) are reported to have socio-communicative impairments. Although many of these children are diagnosed with intellectual disability (ID) and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), these populations are seldom used as control groups. Hence, information regarding syndrome-specific sociocommunicative challenges is lacking.Method Parental concerns regarding everyday communication were investigated by means of the Children's Communication Checklist-2-NL (Geurts, 2007). Twenty children with 22q11.2DS (chronological age 6 years-13 years 3 months) were compared to twenty-one children with idiopathic ID and twenty-three children with idiopathic ID and comorbid ASD. All groups were matched for fluid intelligence (Gf), chronological age and core language scores. Results Neglect or inadequate use of context information was more prevalent in children with 22q11.2DS than in children with idiopathic ID. Nonverbal communication seemed less impaired than in children with ID+ASD. Conclusion Pragmatic language skills and developmental trajectories in children with 22q11.2DS merit further investigation. allow us to describe subtle group differences. The following questions are addressed: (1) Do parents of children with 22q11.2DS report specific socio-communicative challenges in comparison to parents of children with ID, but different from those reported by parents of children with ID+ASD? (2) Do parents of children with 22q11.2DS and comorbid ASD diagnosis (n = 5, 25%) have different concerns regarding communicative behaviours than those of parents of children with 22q11.2DS only and parents of children with idiopathic ID+ASD? Methods Research design and matching procedureThe 64 participants selected in the present study were a subgroup of an initial cohort consisting of 27 children with 22q11.2DS, 31 children with ID and 34 children with ID+ASD, all evaluated by means of a comprehensive language and cognitive assessment. A crosssectional group-matched research design was chosen. Exclusion criteria for all participants were prematurity (i.e. birth before 37 weeks), given its proven impact on language development (Barre, Morgan, Doyle, & Anderson, 2011;Crosbie, Holm, Wandschneider, & Hemsley, 2011), and severe sensorimotor deficits (hearing loss ≥ 40 dB HL or severe visual impairments). In addition, only monolingual Dutch-speaking children were included in the study. If this criterion was not met, a minimum of 3 years of full-time Dutch education needed to be demonstrated. This inclusion criterion was applied because of the impact of a multilingual environment on language development (Cummins, 2000;Paradis, Genessee, & Crago, 2011).Children with 22q11.2DS, were selected and contacted by the Center for Human Genetics (University Hospital Leuven, UZ Leuven). Children with idiopathic ID with or without ASD were recruited in several special needs schools in Flanders, Belgium. Children were first selected for their chronological age (primary school age, minimum age 6 years old) and t...

Both English- and Dutch-speaking children with 22q11.2DS showed impoverished information transfer and an increased number of elaborations, suggesting a cross-cultural syndrome-specific feature.