A 3-D numerical model of the influence of meanders on groundwater discharge to a gaining stream in an unconfined sandy aquifer. Journal of Hydrology, 552, 168-181. https://doi. Abstract 24Groundwater discharge to streams depends on stream morphology and groundwater flow direction, 25 but are not always well understood. Here a 3-D groundwater flow model is employed to investigate 26 the impact of meandering stream geometries on groundwater discharge to streams in an unconfined 27 and homogenous sandy aquifer at the reach scale (10-200 m). The effect of meander geometry was 28 examined by considering three scenarios with varying stream sinuosity. The interaction with regional 29 groundwater flow was examined for each scenario by considering three groundwater flow directions. 30The sensitivity of stream morphology and flow direction to other parameters was quantified by 31 varying the stream width, the meander amplitude, the magnitude of the hydraulic gradient, the 32 hydraulic conductivity, and the aquifer thickness. Implications for a real stream were then 33 investigated by simulating groundwater flow to a stream at a field site located in Grindsted, Denmark. 34
Sewage treatment in Arctic towns is inadequate. Sewage contains pathogenic microorganisms, parasites, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and toxic compounds. Discharging of untreated sewage can thus have a negative effect on people's health and the aquatic environment in the receiving water bodies. Conventional treatment is challenging and expensive to implement in Arctic communities due to the cold climate and scattered population. In addition, advanced removal of nutrients may in many cases be overstated due to the low population density and large receiving water bodies. In this work we investigated the presence of Total coliforms, Escherichia coli (Ecoli), enterococci, streptococci, antibiotic resistant enteric bacteria, and toxicity in sewage from two sewer outlets in Sisimiut, West-Greenland, as well as in a sub-stream from the local hospital. According to the content of streptococci and enterococci, the wastewater is very strong, suggesting a potential hygienic risk. In addition, a high fraction of antibiotic resistant bacteria and an increased toxicity in the sub-stream from the hospital, suggest that this stream contains toxic compounds, possibly antibiotic of nature that may affect the local Arctic marine environment negatively. Both peracetic acid treatment and UV-C radiation shows potential for disinfection of the wastewater after removal of solids >60μm. E-coli was most susceptible to peracetic acid treatment, while a maximum possible reduction of enterococci and coliforms of 2-3 size orders was observed. The highest reduction observed by UV-C treatment was 4 size orders for enterococci, but no maximum level was observed. UV-treatment may thus be a preferred disinfection method, in particular for a community with long transport distances to the nearest chemical supplier and access to hydropower from a local hydropower plant.
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