The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition (BSID-II) and Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were administered concurrently to 49 high-risk, preterm infants. Results suggested that scores from the two tests were correlated very highly. As expected, mean scores on the BSID-II were lower than on the BSID. Classification of infants as “normal,” “borderline,” and “abnormal” on each test resulted in excellent agreement for mental development scores, but only fair agreement for psychomotor scores. Findings were interpreted as adding support to the clinical validity of the BSID-II, and implications of lower scores on the BSID II were discussed.
The item pool of the Adjective Check List (ACL; Gough & Heilbrun, 1980) is widely used as a means of capturing the personal characteristics associated with various target groups (e.g., women vs. men, young adults vs. old adults). The purpose of this research was to develop a system for scoring the ACL items in terms of the five-factor model of personality. In Study 1, five groups of introductory psychology students served as judges, with each group of approximately 100 persons rating the 300 ACL items for one of the five factors. The ratings of each factor were highly reliable. When corrected for favorability, the intercorrelations among the five factors were quite low, as expected, except for the positive correlation of Openness and Extraversion. Good convergence was found between our ratings and the indicative and counterindicative items identified by John's (1989) graduate student judges. In Study 2, convergent validity was demonstrated between the five-factor scores obtained from self-descriptive ACLs and corresponding factor scores obtained from Costa and McCrae's NEO-PI-R and NEO-FFI instruments (Costa & McCrae, 1992). Data from earlier cross-cultural studies of gender and age stereotypes were rescored using the new ACL-FF system to illustrate its potential utility as a research tool.
The Psychological Importance (PI) of personality traits is defined as the degree to which they provide information useful in understanding and predicting behaviour. University students from 7 countries (Chile, China, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, and the United States) rated the PI of each of the 300 items of the Adjective Check List along a 5‐point scale. PI was shown to be a meaningful (i.e. reliable) concept in each country. Comparisons of PI ratings between pairs of countries indicated correlations ranging from 0.23 to 0.73, with a mean of 0.49 among the 7 countries. A variety of additional analyses indicated that six of the seven countries tended to group themselves into two clusters: (1) China, Nigeria, and Pakistan; and (2) Chile, Norway, and the United States. In the second cluster, trait importance had a curvilinear relationship to trait favourability (i.e. both good and bad traits may be important) whereas in the first cluster trait importance and favourability had a linear relationship (i.e. only good traits may be important). The findings were suggestive of substantial cross‐cultural differences in the importance assigned to psychological traits.
The concept of traitedness asserts that some people are so consistent/variable with regard to relevant trait behavior that they should be considered traited/untraited on a given factor. In the present study we assessed the stability of traitedness, operationalized via the intra-individual standard deviations for each of the Big F ive factors, over time using 2 differ ent instruments. Self-descriptions of male and female u niversity students on the Adjecti ve Checklist (ACL) and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) demonstrated: (1) reliable individual differences in the sta bility of traitedness on each of the 5 fa ctors over time;(2) positive correlations among the 5 s tandard deviations at a given test ing, suggesting that some persons are generally less/more variable than others; and (3) an absence of convergent validity between the traitedness measures for the 2 instruments, suggesting that the 2 instruments were assessing different types of consistency.
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