Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. is a weed that frequently infests Brazilian agricultural areas. Knowledge of the plant's response to competition, in the form of nutrient availability in soil, is fundamental to management of agroecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of concentrations of N, P and K on the growth of N. physalodes. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, using a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement (4 x 10), with three replications. The main plots were four combinations of N, P and K: (L1) 26, 33, 40, 47, 54, 61, 76, 91, 106 and 121 days after emergence (DAE). The dry matter, dry matter partitioning, leaf area, relative growth rate, height and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II were measured in N. physalodes plants at each harvest time. Overall, the leaves showed higher total dry matter accumulation up to 61 DAE. After that, the reproductive organs showed higher accumulation. Increasing concentrations of N, P and K resulted in higher plant height and dry matter of N. physalodes. Moreover, doubling the nutrient levels resulted in a proportional increase in dry matter accumulation. However, N. physalodes showed lower growth under natural soil fertility conditions (L1 treatment). Thus, increasing concentrations of N, P, and K promoted higher growth of N. physalodes. Biomass distribution was not changed by fertilization. There is evidence that N. physalodes could adapt easily in fertile soil. Thus, this species has greater competitive potential in high fertility soils.
O estudo da anatomia e morfologia das plantas pode ajudar a conhecer prováveis mecanismos que promovem maior capacidade competitiva pelos recursos naturais, principalmente água, luz e nutrientes, além da maior capacidade na retenção e/ou impedimento no processo de penetração de produtos químicos pelas folhas. Diante disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a anatomia foliar das espécies Sida urens, Sida spinosa e Sida rhombifolia em diferentes etapas de desenvolvimento. Essas espécies foram coletadas em três estádios fenológicos, caracterizados como V1: formação de até 10 folhas completamente expandidas; V2: entre 11 folhas e antes do florescimento; e R: após florescimento. O trabalho foi conduzido em duas etapas, sendo uma relacionada às atividades de cortes anatômicos e a outra às impressões paradérmicas das folhas. A espécie Sida spinosa apresentou maior densidade estomática na fase R. As três espécies apresentaram menor densidade estomática, maior densidade tricomática e parede celular mais espessa no estádio V2. Conclui-se que as três espécies possuem maior conteúdo de cera epicuticular na fase vegetativa, porém S. spinosa apresenta relativa diminuição nessa característica na fase reprodutiva.
Weed residues can influence nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. Quantifying this potential nutrient source may influence weed control and fertilisation practices. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. is a weed with a short life cycle and a great ability to accumulate dry matter. Field observations suggest that N. physaloides residues are easily decomposed in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing of N, P and K doses on the growth of N. physalodes, as well as the nutrient content, chemical characteristics and C/N ratio of the weed. A randomised block design, arranged in split-plot with three replications, was utilised. The main plots were given four doses of NPK (Dose 1 - 0, 0.3 and 17.2 mg dm-3; Dose 2 - 30, 450.3 and 75.4 mg dm-3; Dose 3 - 60, 900.3 and 133.4 mg dm-3; and Dose 4 - 120, 1800.3 and 249.68 mg dm-3), and the subplots were harvested at ten time points after emergence (26, 33, 40, 47, 54, 61, 76, 91, 106 and 121 days). Higher dry matter production and N, P and K content were observed in plants grown on higher levels of fertiliser. The increase of N, P and K levels in the soil resulted in greater total accumulation of these macronutrients. The highest macronutrient contents were K and N. The treatments did not affect neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and C/N ratio of plant. N. physalodes had low C/N ratio, low NDF and ADF levels, and great nutrient accumulation, suggesting that this plant is quickly decomposed, providing a rapid cycling of nutrients.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) may improve the adaptation of eucalypts saplings to field conditions and allow more efficient fertilizer use. The effectiveness of EMF inoculum application in promoting fungal colonization, plant growth, nutrient uptake, and the quality of rooted cuttings was evaluated for Eucalyptus urophylla under commercial nursery conditions. For inoculated treatments, fertilization of the sapling substrate was reduced by 50 %. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement, wherein the factors were inoculum application rates of 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 gel beads of calcium alginate containing the vegetative mycelium of Amanita muscaria, Elaphomyces antracinus, Pisolithus microcarpus, and Scleroderma areolatum, plus a non-inoculated treatment without fertilization reduction in the substrate (commercial). Ectomycorrhizal fungi increased plant growth and fungal colonization as well as N and K uptake evenly. The best plant growth and fungal colonization were observed for the highest application rate. The greatest growth and fungal colonization and contents of P, N, and K were observed at
Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de farinha de penas (FP) em dietas reduzidas em proteína bruta (PB) e aminoácidos (AA) para codornas de corte. Foram utilizadas 240 codornas de corte machos nas fases de 8 a 21 dias e 8 a 35 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (duas dietas: controle positivo (CP) e controle negativo (CN) reduzida em PB e AA em relação ao CP x três níveis de inclusão de FP: 0, 5 e 10%), totalizando 6 tratamentos, com 4 repetições de 10 codornas por parcela. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre a inclusão de FP e as dietas para o consumo de ração na fase de 8 a 21 dias, bem como efeito da inclusão de FP e das dietas para o ganho em peso e conversão alimentar. No período de 8 a 35 dias não houve efeito (P>0,05) da interação entre os fatores, mas efeito (P<0,05) da inclusão da FP para o consumo de ração, e para a inclusão da FP e as dietas para ganho em peso e conversão alimentar. A utilização de FP, em qualquer nível utilizado não afetou (P>0,05) as variáveis de carcaça, exceto para o rendimento de coxa + sobrecoxa (P<0,05) que foi melhor com o CN. A FP pode ser utilizada em até 5% sem ocasionar danos ao desempenho das codornas. A dieta CN, com redução de PB e AA não apresenta uma boa estratégia para melhorar o desempenho das codornas.
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