The compositions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by Fusarium fungi (F. langsethiae, F. sibiricum, F. poae, and F. sporotrichioides) grown on two nutritive substrates: potato sucrose agar (PSA) and autoclaved wheat kernels (WK) were investigated. The culturing of fungi and study of their VOC emissions were performed in chromatographic vials at room temperature (23 - 24 °C) and the VOCs were sampled by a solid-phase microextraction on a 85 μm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber. GC/MS was performed using a 60-m HP-5 capillary column. Components of the VOC mixture were identified by electron impact mass spectra and chromatographic retention indices (RIs). The most abundant components of the VOC mixture emitted by Fusarium fungi are EtOH, AcOH, (i) BuOH, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, 2-methylbutan-1-ol, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, terpenes with M 136, sesquiterpenes with M 204 (a total of about 25), and trichodiene. It was found that the strains grown on PSA emit a wider spectrum and larger amount of VOCs compared with those grown on wheat kernels. F. langsethiae strain is the most active VOC producer on both substrates. The use of SPME and GC/MS also offers the potential for differentiation of fungal species and strains.
The biological characterization of Microdochium majus, M. nivale, and M. seminicola strains with wide geographical origins showed the diversity of their pathogenic properties and metabolite compounds, allowing them to exist in their habitats. Significant differences in the ability of Microdochium fungi to cause lesions on wheat and oat leaves were found. The intensity of symptoms depended on the species and substrate origin of the strains. On average M. seminicola strains were able to cause less leaf necrosis than M. majus and M. nivale. The volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of Microdochium fungi included 29 putative fungal metabolites. The spectrum of the identified VOCs in M. seminicola strains was much richer than that in M. majus and M. nivale strains. In addition, the strains of M. seminicola emitted at least six sesquiterpenes. Mycotoxin analysis by HPLC/MS/MS revealed that the analyzed Microdochium strains did not produce any toxic metabolites typically produced by filamentous fungi.
For the first time, the chronic inhalation effect of aliphatic hydrocarbons (HC) in low concentrations on metabolic profiles of low molecular weight organic compounds including free (FFA) and esterified (EFA) fatty acids in rats brain and liver was studied. Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used as analytical methods. The list of hydrocarbons includes hexane, heptane, octane, nonane and decane in various ratios. Changes in profiles of low-molecular compounds in the brain were detected under the action of a mixture of HCs in a concentration of 160 ± 20.5 mg/m3 for 90 days, while the action of the HCs mixture at lower concentrations of 31.4 ± 5.6 mg/m3 and 5.2 ± 1.08 mg/m3 only leads to minor changes in profiles. A significant increase in lysophospholipids concentrations, mainly of lysophosphatidylcholine, in the extract from the brain and blood plasma was revealed. The increase in the content of lysophospholipids in brain tissues can be considered as a consequence of the destruction of cell membranes, specific to neurodegenerative processes. At the same time, an increase in the lysophosphatidylcholine concentration in the brain is accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of glycerol-3-phosphate and is not followed by changes in the concentrations of glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, choline, acetylcholine, FFA, or lysophosphatidic acid. It was shown that concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanamine, referred to the concentrations of glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine in blood plasma, may serve as potential markers of the effect of HC on the brain.
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