Abstract. Ground-based observations of horizontal winds have been performed in Leipzig (51.12 N, 12.43 E), Germany, and at Punta Arenas (53.35 S, 70.88 W), Chile, in the framework of the German initiative EVAA (Experimental Validation and Assimilation of Aeolus observations) with respect to the validation of the Mie and Rayleigh wind products of Aeolus (L2B data). In Leipzig, at the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), radiosondes have been launched on each Friday for the Aeolus overpasses (ascending orbit) since mid of May 2019. In Punta Arenas, scanning Doppler cloud radar observations have been performed in the frame of the DACAPO-PESO campaign (dacapo.tropos.de) for more than 3 years from end 2018 until end 2021. We present two case studies and long‐term statistics of the horizontal winds derived with the ground-based reference instruments compared to Aeolus Horizontal Line-of-Sight (HLOS) winds. It was found that the deviation of the Aeolus HLOS winds from the ground-reference is usually of Gaussian shape which allowed the use of the median bias and the scaled median absolute deviation (MAD) for the determination of the systematic and random error of Aeolus wind products, respectively. The case study from August 2020 with impressive atmospheric conditions in Punta Arenas shows that Aeolus is able to also capture strong wind speeds up to more than 100 m/s. The long-term validation has been performed for all product baselines since the change to the second laser (called FM-B) in June 2019 until summer 2022 and also partly for the era of the first laser (FM-A). The long-term validation showed that the systematic error of the Aeolus wind products could be significantly lowered with the changes introduced into the processing chain (different baselines) during the mission lifetime. While in the early mission phase, systematic errors of more than 2 m/s (absolute values) were observed for both wind types (Mie cloudy and Rayleigh clear), these biases could be reduced with the algorithm improvements, such as the introduction of the correction for temperature fluctuations at the main telescope of Aeolus (M1 temperature correction) with Baseline 09. Hence, since Baseline 10, a significant improvement of the Aeolus data was found leading to a low bias (close to 0 m/s) and nearly similar values for the mid-latitudinal sites on both hemispheres. The random errors for the wind products were first decreasing with increasing baseline but later increasing again due to the performance losses of the Aeolus emitter. However, the systematic error is only slightly affected by this issue, so that one can conclude that the uncertainty introduced by the reduced atmospheric return signal received by Aeolus is mostly affecting the random error. Even when considering these issues, we can confirm the general validity of Aeolus observations during its lifetime. This proves the general concept of this space explorer mission to perform active wind observations from space.
<p>The European Space Agency (ESA) has launched the Earth Explorer Mission Aeolus on 22 August 2018. Within the German initiative EVAA (Experimental Validation and Assimilation of Aeolus observations), Cal/Val activities for Aeolus started immediately after the instrument was turned on in space. The aim is to validate the wind and aerosol products of Aeolus and to quantify the benefits of these new measurements for weather forecasting and aerosol and cloud research. <br>For this purpose, ground-based aerosol and wind lidar observations have been performed at the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) in Leipzig, Germany, and at Punta Arenas (53.13 S, 70.88 W), Chile, in the frame of the DACAPO-PESO campaign (dacapo.tropos.de). Radiosondes have been launched during the Aeolus overpasses each Friday at Leipzig in addition since mid of May 2019. In Punta Arenas, we also used Doppler cloud radar observations with respect to the validation of Mie and Rayleigh winds of Aeolus. &#160;</p><p>Aerosol-only observations with multiwavelength-Raman polarization lidar were made at the PollyNET (Baars 2016) stations in Haifa (Israel), Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Tel Aviv (Israel), and in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) - the latter two are hosted by PollyNET partner institutions (Baars, 2016). These locations are close to the desert with frequent dense, lofted aerosol layers and are thus of particular interest for Aeolus Cal/Val. Considering the long averaging length of Aeolus (87 km) and the distance to the lidars (max. 100 km), a good agreement with respect to the co-polar backscatter coefficient is found between Aeolus and the ground-based lidars at these locations.</p><p>We will present results from the above-mentioned Cal/Val activities with respect to, both, wind and aerosol products of Aeolus. It will be shown, that one of the mission goals, namely the demonstration that wind observations from space by active remote sensing are possible, have been already achieved. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that the spaceborne HSRL (high spectral resolution lidar) technique applied for Aeolus can provide independent backscatter and extinction measurements of aerosols &#8211; a spaceborne novelty as well. Since September 2019, also an aerosol-optimized range resolution, the so-called Mediterranean range-bin setting (MARS), is operational for Aeolus in the Eastern Mediterranean. First results show a significantly improved aerosol retrieval for this adapted instrumental setting and will be presented as well.</p><p>&#160;</p><p>Reference:</p><p>Baars, H., et al. (2016), An overview of the first decade of PollyNET: An emerging network of automated Raman-polarization lidars for continuous aerosol profiling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16(8), 5111-5137, doi:10.5194/acp-16-5111-2016.</p>
Аннотация. В статье рассматривается эскапизм как бегство от физических ограничений, таких как смерть, законы природы. В связи с этим, человек стремиться преодолеть непреодолимое и создает альтернативные миры, где вышеупомянутые ограничения не существуют. Показано, что стремление к иллюзиям характерно как для филогенеза, так и для онтогенеза. Автором рассмотрено основное человеческое ограничение-смерть; делается вывод о влиянии этого факта на мироощущение человека. Далее предложены три способа преодоления физических ограничений, представлены их достоинства и недостатки. Представлен интересный зарубежный эксперимент, доказывающий ведущую роль знаний в формировании понятия реальности о том или ином объекте, что объясняет тягу человека к воображаемым реальностям. Автор полагает, что эскапизм присущ человеку и является неотъемлемой составляющей полноценной жизнедеятельности. Ключевые слова: эскапизм, физические ограничения, альтернативные миры, реальность, осознание смерти.
<p>Der ESA-Satellit Aeolus wurde im August 2018 mit dem Ziel gestartet, durch globale Messungen von Windprofilen die Wettervorhersage zu verbessern. Dazu hat Aeolus das High-Spectral-Resolution (HSR) Doppler-Lidar ALADIN (Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument) an Bord, welches es erm&#246;glicht, vertikale Profile einer Windkomponente (West-Ost) aktiv zu messen. Diese Messungen werden inzwischen von mehreren Wetterdiensten assimiliert und es konnte ein positiver Einfluss auf die Vorhersagen gezeigt werden. Zus&#228;tzlich zu den Windprofilen k&#246;nnen mit diesem Lidar auch Aerosol- und Wolkenprofile als Nebenprodukte gemessen werden. Es ist das erste Mal, dass so eine komplexe Technik vom Weltall aus zum Einsatz kommt und bedarf daher einer ausgiebigen Validierung.</p><p><br>Ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Validierung der Wind- und Aerosolprodukte von Aeolus wurde dabei in dem Kooperationsprojekt EVAA (Experimentelle Validierung und Assimilation von Aeolus-Beobachtungen) zwischen der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit&#228;t M&#252;nchen, dem deutschen Zentrum f&#252;r Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), dem Deutschen Wetterdienst (DWD) sowie dem Leibniz-Institut f&#252;r Troposph&#228;renforschung (TROPOS) geleistet. Anhand von bodengebundenen Wind- und Aerosol-Referenzmessungen als auch durch Radiosonden, konnten wichtige Erkenntnisse &#252;ber den zeitlichen Verlauf sowie die Charakteristik des systematischen und zuf&#228;lligen Fehlers der Aeolus-Beobachtungen gewonnen werden. Durch die Assimilation der Aeolus-Messungen im Wettermodell ICON des DWD, konnte ihr Einfluss auf die Wettervorhersage quantifiziert werden.</p><p><br>In diesem Beitrag wollen wir die Ergebnisse von unseren Langzeit-Vergleichsmessungen mit Radiosonden in Leipzig, Punta Arenas (Chile) und Radar-Windprofilern &#252;ber Deutschland pr&#228;sentieren und das Potential und die Grenzen von Aeolus diskutieren. Um die Verbesserung der Wettervorhersage durch die neuartigen Windbeobachtungen zu quantifizieren, wird ihr Einfluss im Wettermodell ICON demonstriert.</p><p><br>Zus&#228;tzlich werden wir einen Einblick in die M&#246;glichkeiten der Aerosolprofilmessungen von Aeolus gegeben. Dazu wird als Beispiel der Transport von Rauchaerosol von den Br&#228;nden in Kalifornien im Jahre 2020 bis nach Mitteleuropa diskutiert. Damals waren gro&#223;e Mengen Rauch &#252;ber Leipzig gemessen wurden, die f&#252;r eine sichtliche Abschw&#228;chung des Sonnenlichts sorgten. Diese Rauchschwaden konnten sowohl von Aeolus als auch mit einem bodengebundenen Forschungslidar, genannt PollyXT, beobachtet werden und sind daher ein hervorragendes Beispiel, um die Potentiale von Aeolus bzgl. Aerosol- und Wolkenmessungen zu diskutieren.</p>
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