The American Psychiatric Association recently included Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a potential diagnosis, recommending that further study be conducted to help illuminate it more clearly. This paper is a summary of the review undertaken by the IGD Working Group as part of the 2015 National Academy of Sciences Sackler Colloquium on Digital Media and Developing Minds. By using measures based on or similar to the IGD definition, we found that prevalence rates range between ∼1% and 9%, depending on age, country, and other sample characteristics. The etiology of IGD is not well-understood at this time, although it appears that impulsiveness and high amounts of time gaming may be risk factors. Estimates for the length of time the disorder can last vary widely, but it is unclear why. Although the authors of several studies have demonstrated that IGD can be treated, no randomized controlled trials have yet been published, making any definitive statements about treatment impossible. IGD does, therefore, appear to be an area in which additional research is clearly needed. We discuss several of the critical questions that future research should address and provide recommendations for clinicians, policy makers, and educators on the basis of what we know at this time.

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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are steadily finding application in an increasing number of museums and heritage institutions, providing energy-efficient solutions for collections display. Although there is a business case to be made for moving toward LED lighting, the safe display of objects must also be ensured. Identifying vulnerable pigments and paints ensures that future preservation strategies will be put in place, avoiding acerbation of damage and reducing the need for conservation. In the first part of our research we investigate color shift and molecular alterations in three yellow paints, namely, lead chromate sulfate, arsenic sulfide, and cadmium sulfide in linseed oil and gum arabic binders. Following an artificial aging regime, color shift was evaluated using colorimetry and molecular alterations were monitored using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis. Up to 80 Mlux h the lead chromate samples in linseed oil displayed equivalent color shifts approximating 10 ΔE 00 on exposure to the three artificial aging regimes. Color shift has been attributed to the formation of lead oxides evidenced by the appearance of a mid-infrared spectral band at 470 cm −1 assigned to PbO 2. Above 80 Mlux h the formation of lead oxides was exacerbated by exposure to one particular LED. Arsenic sulfide in linseed oil displayed color shifts intensified by both types of LED. Above 40 Mlux h there was a discernible color shift in all samples, with the two LEDs displaying ΔE 00 values two times higher than those displayed by the tungsten halogen samples. The alterations have been attributed to the formation of As 2 O 3 , which is known to form in the presence of wavelengths shorter than 428 nm. Cadmium sulfides in both linseed oil and gum arabic paints did not display discernible color shifts or the presence of degradation products.

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Ceiling and wall paintings pose significant challenges for historic house management due to their position at the interface between the environment and building. Tight restrictions to modifications on built heritage prevent total control of the environment, resulting in temperature and humidity fluctuations. Different hygrothermal responses within the wall painting stratigraphy frequently lead to fracturing and lifting of paint layers, necessitating remedial conservation to readhere areas of detachment. Assessing the success of readhesion interventions is difficult due to the hidden nature of the treatment and, often, limited access.In this paper, we present comparative results of two different adhesive treatments employed during the conservation of the baroque ceiling painting in the Queen's Staircase at Hampton Court Palace, analysed with unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance. This non-invasive technique enabled monitoring of the adhesive systems -based on Jun Funori and BEVA® 371 -up to a depth of 3,500 um into the ceiling by providing specially resolved proton density profiles before and after treatment. Results offer a unique and pertinent assessment of treatment areas within a strictly limited timeframe. It is shown that the solvent carrier leaves the system within 24 hours, and that the ultimate deposition of the adhesive can be identified.

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