These results add to a growing body of literature that suggests that a single session of ABM does not produce generalizable effects, and effects on craving and drug seeking are inconsistent across studies. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Conservation practitioners, policy-makers and researchers work within shared spaces with many shared goals. Improving the flow of information between conservation researchers, practitioners and policy-makers could lead to dramatic gains in the effectiveness of conservation practice. However, several barriers can hinder this transfer including lack of time, inaccessibility of evidence, the real or perceived irrelevance of scientific research to practical questions, and the politically motivated spread of disinformation. Conservation Evidence works to overcome these barriers by providing a freely-available database of summarized scientific evidence for the effects of conservation interventions on biodiversity. The methods used to build this database -a combination of discipline-wide literature searching and subject-wide evidence synthesis -have been developed over the last 15 years to address the challenges of synthesizing large volumes of evidence of varying quality and measured outcome

The widely held assumption that any important scientific information would be available in English underlies the underuse of non-English-language science across disciplines. However, non-English-language science is expected to bring unique and valuable scientific information, especially in disciplines where the evidence is patchy, and for emergent issues where synthesising available evidence is an urgent challenge. Yet such contribution of non-English-language science to scientific communities and the application of science is rarely quantified. Here, we show that non-English-language studies provide crucial evidence for informing global biodiversity conservation. By screening 419,679 peer-reviewed papers in 16 languages, we identified 1,234 non-English-language studies providing evidence on the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation interventions, compared to 4,412 English-language studies identified with the same criteria. Relevant non-English-language studies are being published at an increasing rate in 6 out of the 12 languages where there were a sufficient number of relevant studies. Incorporating non-English-language studies can expand the geographical coverage (i.e., the number of 2° × 2° grid cells with relevant studies) of English-language evidence by 12% to 25%, especially in biodiverse regions, and taxonomic coverage (i.e., the number of species covered by the relevant studies) by 5% to 32%, although they do tend to be based on less robust study designs. Our results show that synthesising non-English-language studies is key to overcoming the widespread lack of local, context-dependent evidence and facilitating evidence-based conservation globally. We urge wider disciplines to rigorously reassess the untapped potential of non-English-language science in informing decisions to address other global challenges. Please see the Supporting information files for Alternative Language Abstracts.

Aim  Ecologists seeking to describe patterns at ever larger scales require compilations of data on the global abundance and distribution of species. Comparable compilations of biological data are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these patterns, but have received far less attention. We assess the availability of biological data across an entire assemblage: the well‐documented demersal marine fauna of the United Kingdom. We also test whether data availability for a species depends on its taxonomic group, maximum body size, the number of times it has been recorded in a global biogeographic database, or its commercial and conservation importance. Location  Seas of the United Kingdom. Methods  We defined a demersal marine fauna of 973 species from 15 phyla and 40 classes using five extensive surveys around the British Isles. We then quantified the availability of data on eight key biological traits (termed biological knowledge) for each species from online databases. Relationships between biological knowledge and our predictors were tested with generalized linear models. Results  Full data on eight fundamental biological traits exist for only 9% (n= 88) of the UK demersal marine fauna, and 20% of species completely lack data. Clear trends in our knowledge exist: fish (median biological knowledge score = six traits) are much better known than invertebrates (one trait). Biological knowledge increases with biogeographic knowledge and (to a lesser extent) with body size, and is greater in species that are commercially exploited or of conservation concern. Main conclusions  Our analysis reveals deep ignorance of the basic biology of a well‐studied fauna, highlighting the need for far greater efforts to compile biological trait data. Clear biases in our knowledge, relating to how well sampled or ‘important’ species are suggests that caution is required in extrapolating small subsets of biologically well‐known species to ecosystem‐level studies.

No abstract

In spite of differing mechanisms of injury, the PHI group's discourse performance was consistent with what has been reported for individuals with CHI. The model tested represents a preliminary step toward understanding discourse production following traumatic brain injury.

Assessments of the biodiversity and structure of coral reef fish communities are often plagued by inadequate sampling and biases inherent in commonly used Underwater Visual Census (UVC) methods. Of these biases, heterogeneity in the detectability of reef-fish species is often ignored, even though it may have substantial effects on biodiversity estimates. Using highly replicated UVC sampling of all fish species at 4 sites in Tanzania, East Africa, we show that detectability varies greatly across species and is affected by traits such as body size and schooling behaviour, and that detectability of reef fishes can be readily accounted for by the application of Capture-MarkRecapture (CMR) models. Based on our results, we recommend that approximately 24 point counts are necessary to assess full reef-fish species richness at sites in the Western Indian Ocean. KEY WORDS: Mark-recapture · Underwater Visual Census · Coral reefs · Bayesian · Marine reserve Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 367: [249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260] 2008 Mapstone 1997), species (Kulbicki & Sarramégna 1999), random instantaneous movement (McClanahan et al. 2007), and the choice of method itself (Watson & Quinn 1997, Kulbicki & Sarramégna 1999, Samoilys & Carlos 2000. Most of these problems are dealt with through technique standardisation and by the assumption that biases are consistent among studies (Ackerman & Bellwood 2000). However, unknown systematic heterogeneity can seriously bias estimates of species richness, directly affecting the ability to make accurate assessments of biodiversity.Detectability is defined as the probability of observing a particular species during a given sampling occasion conditional on its presence at that location (Boulinier et al. 1998). UVC based studies routinely assume that detectability = 1 across all species but it can vary substantially among reef fishes due to physical, behavioural, or life-history characteristics. For example, lethrinids have been shown to avoid divers (Kulbicki 1998, Kulbicki & Sarramégna 1999, leading to a frequent lack of agreement between UVC and fishing data in tropical fisheries (Jennings & Polunin 1995, Kulbicki 1998. Cryptic morphology or behaviour can also affect detectability, as more than 90% of cryptic species may be undetected by UVC methods (Willis 2001); the recognition of low detectability has led to surveys that target only a subset of the community that excludes the least detectable species. There is also a strong, positive relationship between detectability and abundance (Dorazio & Royle 2005) that can generate substantial heterogeneity among surveys. Compounding this issue is the fact that surveys are routinely conducted using relatively low numbers of replicates. Not accounting for detection, heterogeneity may be acceptable if the bias is small relative to the size of the target community but it is essential to estimate both the magnitude of biases present and the ap...

No abstract