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This article presents an account of the first American women psychologists. The article provides data on the origins, education, marital status, and careers of the 22 women who identified themselves as psychologists in the first edition of American Men of Science. Further, it explores how gender shaped their experience in relation to educational and employment opportunities, responsibilities to family, and the marriage versus career dilemma. Illustrations are drawn from the lives of Mary Whiton Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, Margaret Floy Washburn, and Ethel Puffer Howes. Sources used include archival materials (manuscripts, correspondence, and institutional records) as well as published literature. The article calls attention to the necessity of integrating women into the history of the discipline if it is to provide an adequate understanding of psychology's past.The authors contributed equally; listing is in alphabetical order. We thank Michael M. Sokal especially for his extensive comments on a draft of the article.

The purpose of this chapter is to trace the history of women psy chologists in the context of their participation in the national professional association. The focus, therefore, is on the American Psychological Association and those women who have played particularly prominent roles in its history, rather than on women psychologists as such. Actually, the history of "women in psychology" would cover the same time period as the history of "women in the APA' because the first women qualified as psychologists at almost precisely the same time as the founding of the APA a hundred years ago. However, the history of women in psychology would require a different approach and would extend well beyond this selective I thank Marion White McPherson and John A. Popplestone, directors of the Archives of the History of American Psychology, for their generous assistance in locating and providing reference materials. pertinent records of later years, relating both to the APA and to Division 35 and destined for archival deposits, were not yet available for use.A portion of this chapter is based on a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, September 1980, titled "Women in APA: The first 30 years, 1892-1921." Some research was conducted in the APA collection located at the Library of Congress, but

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The purpose of this chapter is to trace the history of women psy chologists in the context of their participation in the national professional association. The focus, therefore, is on the American Psychological Association and those women who have played particularly prominent roles in its history, rather than on women psychologists as such. Actually, the history of "women in psychology" would cover the same time period as the history of "women in the APA' because the first women qualified as psychologists at almost precisely the same time as the founding of the APA a hundred years ago. However, the history of women in psychology would require a different approach and would extend well beyond this selective I thank Marion White McPherson and John A. Popplestone, directors of the Archives of the History of American Psychology, for their generous assistance in locating and providing reference materials.