The aim of this research was to determine the most appropriate combination of locally generated waste to produce quality fertilizer. The residues for the composting process were previously chemically characterized and then mixed to obtain a stable organic. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three piles per type of compost, C1: 75 kg of crop residues (potato, onion, parsley, carrot + Zea mays leaves) + 87 kg of sheep manure; C2: 85 kg of crop residues (potato + onion + parsley + carrot) + 87 kg of sheep manure + 15 kg of Thitonia diversifolia; C3: 85 kg of green wastes with predominance of Lactuca sativa + 80 kg of goat manure; C4: 90 kg of green wastes with predominance of Lactuca sativa + 80 kg of horse manure; C5: 80 kg of green pruning leaves + dried leaves + sawdust + excreta of chickens + Thitonia diversifolia + 75 kg of sheep manure. Each stack measured 1.5 m wide by 1.7 m high. Macronutrients and pH and were evaluated in mature compost, as were bacterial and total fungal populations, for establishing significant correlations with some measured chemical variables. Maturation rates of compost shown that the use of Thitonia diversifolia and sheep excreta improved the nutritional conditions of the stabilized organic fertilizer, obtaining 2.09% total N, 0.12% P available, 2.08% K +. In all compost where animal excreta were used, a significant increase in Ca 2+ availability was observed, as well as a greater microbial activity presence.
Phosphorus is one of the limiting elements in acid soils, so the incorporation of strategies for its cycling within an agroecosystem is one of the key variables, in order to optimize agricultural production. The dynamics of phosphorus in a maize-livestock agroecosystem were evaluated under the types of forages introduced: Brachiaria dyctioneura (Bd), a grass and Centrosema macrocarpum (Cm), a legume, which in turn served as associated perennial coverages maize grown with direct sowing. The dynamics of this element are contrasted in the savanna of natural vegetation (SN). It determined the availability of this element in the soil (0-15 cm), as well as the total P content in the excreta of the cattle and in the green fraction of the vegetation during the dry season, after the harvest of the corn, when the cattle a grazing is introduced. We analyzed the bromatological quality of livestock and the daily gain of weight in livestock (GDP). Concentrations of total P in the plant biomass varied according to the quality of the pasture forage, being higher in the Cm. This significantly affected (p<0.01) the excreta P and the available P of the soil, which resulted in a higher GDP. In the savanna conditions, P cycling in the subsystems of soil-plant-animal, is more effective when a forage legume is used as Cm, since it favors the incorporation of P through the excreta and by the decomposition of his necromass. Keywords:Forage; relationship soil-plant-excreta; cover; vegetal nutrition. ResumenEl fósforo constituye uno de los elementos limitantes en suelos ácidos, por lo que la incorporación de estrategias para su ciclaje dentro de un agroecosistema es una de las variables claves, a fin de optimizar la producción agropecuaria. Se evaluó, la dinámica del fósforo en un agroecosistema conservacionista maíz-ganado, bajo dos tipos de forrajes introducidos: Brachiaria dyctioneura (Bd), una gramínea y Centrosema macrocarpum (Cm), una leguminosa, que a su vez se desempeñaron como coberturas perennes asociadas al maíz cultivado con siembra directa. Se contrastó la dinámica de este elemento en la sabana de vegetación natural (SN). Se determinó la disponibilidad de este elemento en el suelo (0-15 cm), así como el P total contenido en las heces del ganado y en la fracción verde de la vegetación durante la época seca, después de la cosecha del maíz, cuando el ganado se introduce a pastoreo. Se analizó la calidad bromatológica del forraje y la ganancia diaria de peso en el ganado (GDP). Las concentraciones de P total en la biomasa vegetal varió de acuerdo a la calidad del forraje pastoreado, siendo mayor en la Cm. Ello incidió significativamente (p<0.01) en el P de las excretas y en el P disponible del suelo, lo cual resultó en una mayor GDP. En condiciones de sabana, el ciclaje del P en los subsistemas suelo-planta-animal, es más efectivo cuando se usa una leguminosa forrajera como Cm, ya que favorece la incorporación del P a través de las excretas y por la descomposición de su necromasa. Palabras Clave:Forraje; relación suelo-pl...
The application of different sources of nutrients to the soil with varying degrees of solubility, as well as the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, can generate different responses in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fertilization options on the quality of forage in the conservation-based agroecosystems of neotropical savannas. Both perennial species Brachiaria dictyoneura and the legume Centrosema macrocarpum are associated with corn cultivation. Four fertilization treatments were evaluated within each cover crop, applying 150 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, 150 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 100 kg ha-1 of K2O, and varying the source of phosphorus, being the treatments distributed as follows: i) phosphoric rock, high dose of phosphorus (100% of P2O5 as phosphoric rock), ii) diammonium phosphate, high dose of P (50% of P2O5 as phosphoric rock and 50% as diammonium phosphate), iii) biological fertilization, low dose of P (25% of P2O5 as phosphoric rock and inoculation with biofertilizer based on native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, such as Gigaspora, Scutellospora, Acaulospora, and Glomus), and finally, iv) the unfertilized treatment. The results show that under direct sowing and the use of biological fertilization sources using phosphoric rock as a source of P, similar and even higher levels of raw protein can be reached than when using fertilization with soluble sources such as the diammonium phosphate, which induce greater sustainability of the cover biomass, being an alternative in the management of this types of agroecosystems.
Mineral deficiencies in soil-plant-animal relations are linked to chemical properties and reproductive problems in grazing animals. The objective of this study was to determine the dynamics of K, Ca, and Mg in the green leaf biomass of two types of introduced forages, Brachiaria dyctioneura (Bd) and Centrosema macrocarpum (Cm), compared to the natural vegetation of the neotropical savannah (NS) in an agricultural ecosystem. The three types of vegetation, associated with the corn crop, served as livestock feed during the dry season. The soil’s nutrient content (0-15 cm depth), the production and nutritional dynamics of green leaf biomass, and leaf/stem relationships in the fields during the grazing period were determined. In the corn crop-livestock agroecosystem, K decreased (%) in concentration as the grazing period progressed, presenting the following trend: Bd>Cm>NS. The dynamics of Ca and Mg in green leaf biomass increased slightly (p<0.05) by the end of the grazing period for Bd and Cm, in contrast to a significant decrease in the natural vegetation of the savannah. The concentration of K in the soil did not reveal significant differences between ground cover and NS plants, and the soils under Cm evidenced the highest percentage of Ca. A higher percentage of Mg was observed in the soil planted with Cm. For the three types of vegetation, an improvement was observed in the nutritional quality of the forage and soil and in the yield (kg/ha). These findings are valuable contributions within the context of production in savannas and to forage quality for livestock.
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