Abstract. This paper reexamines the effects of education on inequality through a comprehensive meta-regression analysis of the extant empirical literature. We find that education affects the two tails of the distribution of income: Education reduces the income share of top earners and increases the share of the bottom earners. Education has been particularly effective in reducing inequality in Africa. Some of the results suggest that secondary schooling appears to have a stronger effect than primary schooling, though this finding is not always robust. The heterogeneity in reported estimates can be largely explained by differences in the specification of the econometric model and measure of inequality and education.
This paper analyses patterns in regional inequality within and between Malaysia's 14 states, drawing upon estimates of Kuznets/Williamson curves, σand β-convergence and spatial spillovers. The path of regional inequality contradicts Kuznets predictions. Regional inequality initially fell but has subsequently risen with further economic development. While Malaysian governments have been successful at reducing poverty, they have been unable to curtail regional inequality in the long run.
JEL classification: O11, O15
Relatively little is known about the determinants of inequality in Southeast Asia. This paper fills this void by comprehensively testing Kuznets' hypothesis for Southeast Asia. We estimate both unconditional and conditional Kuznets' curves using panel data for 8 countries. The analysis suggests the existence of a Kuznets' curve with respect to per capita income; the path of inequality is non-linear with respect to economic development. There is no evidence of a Kuznets curve with respect to non-agricultural employment. There is some evidence in terms of urbanization, though this is not robust. There is robust evidence on the role of national governments and education in shaping the path of inequality in the region. Government involvement reduces inequality. Education appears to have a non-linear effect on inequality.
Does the phase‐in of the Australian Medicare levy as family income increases always contribute to a high effective marginal tax rate (EMTR)? Or are there circumstances in which the targeted nature of the Medicare levy in Australia can result in an effective marginal benefit (EMB) to family income as the income of the secondary income earner increases? This paper explains the concept of an EMB, providing examples and estimating the impact across different income ranges. The paper concludes that the existence of EMBs may lessen the impact of high EMTRs to some extent for the families affected. This is of particular importance to Australian Defence Force families in which the secondary income earner moves in and out of employment as the family relocates due to the defence posting cycle.
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