Temp. of = 1.8(temp.°C) + 32 Definition of terms used: Aquifer-a permeable formation that stores and transmits ground water in sufficient quantity to supply wells. Anchialine pond-location along coastline where the groundwater table is exposed at the land surface in POroU1; lavas. These pools have no surface connection to the sea. Basal water-a freshwater lens floating on saltwater. Brackish (water)-water with salinity greater than that of fresh water and less than that of sea water. Brine-water with an unusually high concentration of salts. Darcy velocity-rate of flow of water per unit cross-sectional area. Evapotranspiration-a combination of evaporation from open bodies of water, evaporation from soil surfaces, and transpiration from the soil by plants. Hydraulic conductivity (K)-measure of the rate of flow of water per unit cross-sectional area under a hydraulic gradient of 1. (Hydraulic) head-height of water column in a well, above an arbitrary datum. Intrinsic permeability (k)-measure of the ability of a rock formation to transmit water, related to hydraulic conductivity (K) by the formula: K = kpg/p, where p is fluid density, g is gravitational acceleration, and u is fluid dynamic viscosity. Impounded water-ground water in compartments that form within a dike intrusion complex when water movement is slowed or stopped by dike rocks of low permeability. Littoral-the marine environment between the limits of high tide and low tide. v. . Perched water-ground water that accumulates above ash layers or other low-permeability volcanic material of limited areal extent located within the lava between the water table and the land surface. (Geothermal) reservoir-a permeable formation that stores and transmits thermal water in sufficient quantity to supply geothermal wells Saline-possessing more than 3,000 parts per million total dissolved solids. Transmissivity-a measure of the volumetric flow rate of ground water per unit width of reservoir for a unit hydraulic gradient. It is equal to reservoir hydraulic conductivity times reservoir saturated thickness. Unconfined-open to the atmosphere so that water drains from the pore space as water level is lowered. Vapor-static pressure-a column of steam whose pressure is controlled by the density of steam.
S ince 1980, scientists have monitored geologic unrest in Long Valley Caldera and at adjacent Mammoth Mountain, California. After a persistent swarm of earthquakes beneath Mammoth Mountain in 1989, geologists discovered that large volumes of carbon dioxide (CO 2) gas were seeping from beneath this volcano. This gas is killing trees on the mountain and also can be a danger to people. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) continues to study the CO 2 emissions to help protect the public from this invisible potential hazard. Invisible CO 2 Gas Killing Trees at Mammoth Mountain, California Areas of dead and dying trees Areas of dead and dying trees at Mammoth Mountain volcano total more than 100 acres. In 1990, the year after a persistent swarm of small earthquakes occurred beneath the volcano, U.S. Forest Service rangers first noticed areas of tree kill. When U.S. Geological Survey scientists investigated, they discovered that the trees are being killed by high concentrations of CO 2 gas in the soil. The seepage of CO 2 gas from below Mammoth Mountain and the continued occurrence of local earthquakes are signs of the ongoing geologic unrest in the area. The upper part of the 11,053-foot-high volcano (above 9,500 feet) is shown in darker shades of green.
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