The aim of this investigation was to compare and contrast the use of cross sample entropy (xSE) and cross recurrence quantification analysis (cRQA) measures for the assessment of coupling of rhythmical patterns. Measures were assessed using simulated signals with regular, chaotic, and random fluctuations in frequency, amplitude, and a combination of both. Biological data were studied as models of normal and abnormal locomotor-respiratory coupling. Nine signal types were generated for seven frequency ratios. Fifteen patients with COPD (abnormal coupling) and twenty-one healthy controls (normal coupling) walked on a treadmill at three speeds while breathing and walking were recorded. xSE and the cRQA measures of percent determinism, maximum line, mean line, and entropy were quantified for both the simulated and experimental data. In the simulated data, xSE, percent determinism, and entropy were influenced by the frequency manipulation. The 1 : 1 frequency ratio was different than other frequency ratios for almost all measures and/or manipulations. The patients with COPD used a 2 : 3 ratio more often and xSE, percent determinism, maximum line, mean line, and cRQA entropy were able to discriminate between the groups. Analysis of the effects of walking speed indicated that all measures were able to discriminate between speeds.

Background In 2016, the IDWeek Program Committee was charged with ensuring gender equity in speaker sessions. Whether this charge also resulted in more opportunities for historically underrepresented speakers is unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of trends in the demographic composition of IDWeek speakers and Program Committee members between 2013-2021. Descriptive statistics summarized data, chi-square tests compared speaker demographics from 2013-2016 (before 2016) vs 2017-2021 (after 2016), and Cochran-Armitage tests for trend. Each speaker slot was considered an independent event. Results 5482 speaker slots were filled by 3389 individuals from 2013-2021. There was a linear increase in women speakers from 38.6% in 2013 to 58.4% in 2021 (p < 0.001). The proportion of White speakers decreased overall from 84.9% in 2013 to 63.5% in 2021. Compared with White speakers, more slots were filled by Asian speakers after 2016 vs. before 2016 (20.1% vs. 14.8%; p < 0.0001). Program Committee members from 2013-2021 were over 80% non-Hispanic White; less than 5% of committee members identified as Black, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic. More Program Committee slots were filled by women after 2016 vs. before 2016 (52.7% vs 33.9%; p = 0.004). Conclusion Intentional consideration of gender equity by the Program Committee was associated with equitable gender representation of invited speakers at IDWeek after 2016. Gradually, proportions of speakers from racial/ethnic groups underrepresented in IDSA approached the membership proportions. White speakers remained overrepresented relative to membership proportions until 2021, and gaps in Program Committee racial/ethnic demographic representation highlights opportunities for continued Inclusion, Diversity, Access, and Equity at IDWeek.

Introduction Donation after circulatory death (DCD) heart transplantation has been shown to have comparable outcomes to transplantation using brain death donors (DBDs). This study evaluates the impact of this alternative source of allografts on waitlist mortality and transplant volume. Methods We compared waitlist mortality and transplant rates in patients who were registered before (2019 period) and after we adopted DCD heart transplantation (2021 period). Results We identified 111 patients who were on the waiting list in 2019 and 77 patients who were registered during 2021. Total number of donor organ offers received in 2019 was 385 (178 unique donors) versus 3450 (1145 unique donors) in 2021. More than 40% of all donors in 2021 were DCDs. Waitlist mortality was comparable for patients in 2019 and 2021 (18/100 person‐years in 2019 vs. 26/100 person‐years in 2021, p = .49). The transplant rate was 67/100 person‐years in 2019 versus 207/100 person‐years in 2021 (p < .001). After adjusting for acuity status, gender, blood type, and weight, patients listed in 2021 had 2.08 times greater chance of transplantation compared to patients listed in 2019 (HR 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–3.45, p = .004). Conclusions Use of DCD donor hearts significantly increased heart transplant rate in our institution.

Objectives: Racial or ethnic disparities in health care delivery and resource utilization have been reported in a variety of pediatric diseases. In acute pancreatitis (AP), there is an association between Black race and increased inpatient mortality. Data on the association of race and ethnicity and resource use for managing pediatric AP are lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate this potential association in pediatric AP. Methods: Retrospective study of children 0-18 years diagnosed with AP in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database from 2012 to 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize cohort characteristics. Race/ ethnicity classifications included non-Hispanic Black (NHB), non-Hispanic White (NHW, used as reference), Hispanic, and "Other." Associations between patient characteristics and race/ethnicity were determined using χ 2 tests. Generalized linear mixed regression model was used to determine the association of race/ethnicity with odds of resource utilization, costs, and length of hospital stay after adjusting for covariates with a random intercept for site. Results: Five thousand nine hundred sixty-three patients from 50 hospitals were included. Adjusted analysis showed that NHB children hospitalized with AP were at lower odds of receiving opioids in the first 24 hours [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.70-0.98] and receiving intravenous fluids during the hospitalization (aOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.43-0.96) when compared with NHW children. Additionally, NHB and Hispanic children had a prolonged adjusted mean length of hospital stay and higher hospital costs when compared with NHW children. Although there was no significant association between race/ethnicity and diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis or sepsis, Hispanic and "Other" children were at higher odds of receiving antibiotics during hospitalization for AP (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.13-1.57 and aOR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.09-1.73, respectively) than NHW children. Conclusions: Disparities exist in utilization of health care interventions for pediatric AP patients by race/ethnicity. Future studies should investigate why these disparities exist and if these disparities affect outcomes.