From the moral development scale scoring manual, Kohlberg’s published works, and the research of his collaborators and others, an analysis was made of the evidence supporting the hierarchy of moral reasoning (from the lowest stage of blind acceptance of powerful authority to the application of abstract principles of justice and equality) and the claims put forth for the cross-cultural universality of the cognitive-developmental theory. Findings suggest that the definitions of stages and the assumptions underlying them, including the view that the scheme is universally applicable, are ethnocentric and culturally-biased. Conceptual and methodological problems of cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural research are discussed.
followed her PhD at the University of Cahforma at Berkeley m 1970 with post-doctoral work m developmental psychology Within four years that mid-life work shift was followed by the personal crisis descnbed in this article and m a book m process (Notes on an Emergency). Her first publication was a poem which appeared m Seventeen magazine when she was still m high school Smce then she has published more poetry, fiction (mcludmg a novel to appear this year. Stranger from Home) social science textbooks, a study of adolescents which related Maslow's need hierarchy to democratic beliefs (Democracy's Stepchildren), and a Ford Foundation report (Humanistic Education-An Interpretation) Now teachmg social action research at the Wnght Institute, she is plannmg to contmue her mterest m moral and political development, to do more writmg, and never to be ill agam... I woke up at mght and my language was gone, No sign of language, no writmg, no alphabet nor symbol nor word many tongueand raw was my fear-hke the terror perhaps of a man flymg from a treetop far above the ground, a shipwrecked person on a tide engulfed bank, a pilot whose parachute would not open or the fear of a stone in a bottomless pit and the fright was unvoiced, unlettered, unuttered, and marticulate (0 how martIculate') and I was alone m the dark, a non-I m the all-pervadmg gloom with no grasp, no leaning pomt, everythmg stripped of everything and the sound was speechless and voiceless and I was nought and nothmg, without even a gibbet to hang onto, without a smgle peg to hang onto, and I no longer knew who or what I was and I was no more AMIR Nothmgness is conceptually impossible NORMAN COUSINS Four years ago last October I came down with tubercular meningitis. Intuitive, systematic diagnosis saved my life (although six percent survival rate is par for this disease), but within a desperate interval I had lost my
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