This paper presents the results of analytical work which aimed to explore potential sources for the lime mortar used in the Hadrianic fort baths and a third-century repair to Hadrian's Wall at Wallsend, UK. It is generally assumed that quick lime for mortar is produced close to the source, however, as yet, no archaeological evidence of kilns has been found in the Wallsend area. After extensive analysis the mortars were found to be very different in characteristics and suggest variable sources for the quarried limestone and for the aggregates used to manufacture the mortar.
Long term performance of historic buildings can be affected by many environmental factors, some of which become more apparent as the competence of the fabric deteriorates. Many tall historic buildings suffer from water ingress when exposed to driving rain conditions, particularly church towers in the south west of England. It is important to recognise that leakage can occur not only through flaws in the roof of a building but also through significant thicknesses of solid masonry. Identification of the most appropriate intervention requires an understanding of the way in which water might enter the structure and the assessment of potential repair options. While the full work schedule used an integrated assessment involving laboratory, field and archival work to assess the repairs which might be undertaken on these solid wall structures, this paper focuses on the laboratory work done to inform the writing of a Technical Advice Note on the effects of wind driven rain and moisture movement in historic structures (English Heritage, 2012). The laboratory work showed that grouting and rendering was effective at reducing water penetration without retarding drying rates, but that use of internal plastering also had a very beneficial effect.A substantial proportion of church towers and similar tall structures suffer from internal dampness caused by driving rain. As Blocken & Carmeliet (2006) state "Wind-driven rain is one of the most important sources of moisture affecting the hygrothermal performance and durabilty of building facades." This problem is particularly marked in the south west of England, although not exclusively seen here. Examples include Holy Trinity Church Callacombe, North Devon (Wood, 2004) or Our Lady, Star of the Sea on the Hebridean island of Barra (Harding, 2010). Water manifesting on the inside of such buildings poses major problems and may cause damage to decorative plastered or painted surfaces of historic significance. It can also mobilise salts which may later crystallise and cause damage. Additionally the increase of water levels within timber raises the likelihood of fungal (wet or dry rot) or insect damage. Disfiguring algae and other biofilms are also likely to flourish and in more extreme cases, damaging plants can become established. Historically many medieval church towers had some form of render on their external surface which may have been purely for protective purposes or to give an aesthetic finish to the random coursing. These were largely removed in the Victorian 2 era as the external surfaces were scraped clear to expose the underlying stonework. At the same time an increase in the use of cements rather than lime mortars in the repair works became more prevalent. Historic buildings are generally of solid wall construction, lacking an air space or vapour barrier between the internal and external skins and thus there is a strong hygrothermal interaction between the inside and the outside of the building via the heat and moisture transfer within the walls (Abuku et al, 2009)....
Demolition waste materials, such as crushed concrete and bricks, have been utilised by the UK construction industry for applications such as the production of concrete, low level backfill and road subbase. There has been increased research on the properties of the recycled aggregates in the past decade but it mainly concentrates on the strength of these types of materials through shear box and triaxial tests.Little research has been undertaken on the physical properties of recycled materials, such as particle shape, water absorption and freeze-thaw resistance. This paper addresses the investigation of the physical properties of demolition waste materials for the purpose of them being reused as engineering fill. It presents the physical characteristics of three types of commercially crushed concrete and brick materials, two of them being similarly based crushed concrete materials with different degrees of processing and one being crushed brick. Characteristics such as particle size distribution, particle shape, large scale compaction, resistance to freeze-thaw and aggregate impact and crushing values were established. The results show that there are similarities and differences between the two concrete based materials. AbstractDemolition waste materials, such as crushed concrete and bricks, have been utilised by the UK construction industry for applications such as the production of concrete, low level backfill and road sub-base. There has been increased research on the properties of the recycled aggregates in the past decade but it mainly concentrates on the strength of these types of materials through shear box and triaxial tests. Little research has been undertaken on the physical properties of recycled materials, such as particle shape, water absorption and freeze-thaw resistance. This paper addresses the investigation of the physical properties of demolition waste materials for the purpose of them being reused as engineering fill. It presents the physical characteristics of three types of commercially crushed concrete and brick materials, two of them being similarly based crushed concrete materials with different degrees of processing and one being crushed brick. Characteristics such as particle size distribution, particle shape, large scale compaction, resistance to freeze-thaw and aggregate impact and crushing values were established. The results show that there are similarities and differences between the two concrete based materials. The characteristics of the brick based materials are significantly different from the crushed concrete materials.
A facility is described which is capable of simulating climatic parameters and pollution activated effects. These can be induced simultaneously or individually and in real-time or cyclic mode. The behaviour of materials and associated construction technologies can be continuously monitored by visual inspection and computer controlled data acquisition and analysis systems, thus making possible realistic prediction of ‘in-service performance’ and probable durability.
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