Despite the fact that ocean acidification is considered to be especially pronounced in the Southern Ocean, little is known about CO 2 -dependent physiological processes and the interactions of Antarctic phytoplankton key species. We therefore studied the effects of CO 2 partial pressure (P CO 2 ) (16.2, 39.5, and 101.3 Pa) on growth and photosynthetic carbon acquisition in the bloom-forming species Chaetoceros debilis, Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, and Phaeocystis antarctica. Using membrane-inlet mass spectrometry, photosynthetic O 2 evolution and inorganic carbon (C i ) fluxes were determined as a function of CO 2 concentration. Only the growth of C. debilis was enhanced under high P CO 2 . Analysis of the carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) revealed the operation of very efficient CCMs (i.e., high C i affinities) in all species, but there were species-specific differences in CO 2 -dependent regulation of individual CCM components (i.e., CO 2 and HCO { 3 uptake kinetics, carbonic anhydrase activities). Gross CO 2 uptake rates appear to increase with the cell surface area to volume ratios. Species competition experiments with C. debilis and P. subcurvata under different P CO 2 levels confirmed the CO 2 -stimulated growth of C. debilis observed in monospecific incubations, also in the presence of P. subcurvata. Independent of P CO 2 , high initial cell abundances of P. subcurvata led to reduced growth rates of C. debilis. For a better understanding of future changes in phytoplankton communities, CO 2 -sensitive physiological processes need to be identified, but also species interactions must be taken into account because their interplay determines the success of a species.The Southern Ocean (SO) is a high-nutrient lowchlorophyll region. Compared with most other regions of the World oceans, the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate are high. The reason for this phenomenon is that the biological production is limited by the trace metal iron, which is essential for photosynthesis (Martin et al. 1990). Most of the primary production in the SO is achieved by sporadic bloom events, which mainly occur along the continental margins and only extend offshore when iron and other nutrient concentrations are high due to upwelling. These blooms are usually dominated by medium-sized diatoms and the flagellate Phaeocystis antarctica (Smetacek et al. 2004). Light is also a major factor controlling phytoplankton growth and productivity in the SO due to the occurrence of strong and frequent winds, causing pronounced deep mixing and therefore low mean and highly varying light levels (Tilzer et al. 1985). Deeply mixed layers were associated with a predominant occurrence of P. antarctica, while diatoms such Fragilariopsis cylindrus seem to favor shallow mixed layers (Kropuenske et al. 2010).Varying CO 2 concentrations were found to also influence SO phytoplankton assemblages and growth (Tortell et al. 2008b;Feng et al. 2010). During winter time, the presence of sea ice prevents gas exchange betw...

Planning has been ineffective at addressing women’s fear of violence and violence against women in part because of the false public/private divide. This divide is parallel and mutually supported by parochial and conservative understandings of male and female gender constructions and norms in spaces and social structural systems. We propose exploring the actual spaces of bodies and planning at the scale of bodies since bodies are at the nexus of public–private spaces, gender identities and gender violence. Using bodies as geographical spaces to understand and analyse visceral experiences and fear of violence may help diminish the dominance of the public–private divide and challenge the unequal rights women have to use space. Based on exploratory workshops in New York City, Mexico City and Barcelona as well as research events in Medellin, we share our experiences using visceral methods including body-map storytelling and shared sensory spatial experiences, also evaluating their usefulness. We examine the ethics of visceral methods, ways to analyse body-mapped data and the use of planners’ bodies as tools in research and practice. We conclude that bodies have the potential to become a source of dynamic and reflective information that might be effectively used by planners and communities to make places better and safer.

Urban planning has been largely ineffective in addressing urban violence and particularly slow in responding to gender violence. This paper explores the public and private divide, structural inequalities, and issues of ethnicity and citizenship, in terms of their planning implications for gender violence. Drawing on evidence from Spain, Mexico and the United States, it examines how economic and social planning and gender violence intertwine. The three case studies demonstrate that the challenge is not only to break constructed structural inequalities and divisions between public and private spheres, but also to promote changes in the working models of institutions and organisations.

Indigenous peoples have been struggling to maintain or regain rights to land, identity, and culture in the face of colonialism. In Russia, government policies have pushed European Russian/Soviet nationalism in an attempt to diminish or erase non-European identity. But there has been insurgency. We present the case of Buryat historical and contemporary insurgent planning. We contextualize indigenous insurgent planning using colonialism and identity as backdrops. Drawing on sixteen months of ethnographic study and review of historical sources, we tell the stories of how many Buryats use dynamic indigenous identities combined with appropriated Russian nomenclature to resist and negotiate postmodern imperialism.

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Planning needs more diversity if it is to have legitimacy. Diversity can be achieved through more diverse faculty and students who become practitioners, and by increased scholarship that addresses diversity. In this essay, we examine the trends in scholarship about diversity in planning and the barriers to increasing faculty and students of color in planning schools, and we propose ways to move forward. We conclude that planning must increase the number of faculty of color in tenured and tenure-track positions and enhance the ability of planning programs to adequately address issues of race and gender to balance the power relations within the academy.

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Food security scholarship and policy tends to embrace the nutrition status of individual men, women and children as the end-goal of food security efforts. While there has been much value in investigating and trying to ensure sufficient nutrition for struggling households around the world, this overriding emphasis on nutrition status has reduced our understandings of what constitutes food adequacy. While token attention has been paid to more qualitative ideas like ''cultural appropriateness,'' food security scholars and policy makers have been unable to understand the broader value of food, which exceeds its caloric and nutrient counts. Drawing on empirical work from Medellín, Colombia, the paper argues that having adequate food means much more than simply sufficient nutrient intake, perhaps especially among marginalized groups. Exploring the case of food insecure women from Colombia who were forcibly displaced from rural to urban, we demonstrate how understandings of food adequacy must consider the social and environmental imaginaries of marginalized groups.